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satisfactory, as the authorities for the statements
were not given. There is no doubt that the
punishment was what the term naturally signifies.
I have only just lighted on Callot's Miseries of
War' among my prints. No. 14 of this vivid
series gives a perfect view of the process of execu-
tion. In the middle of a place surrounded by
soldiers a platform of some height is raised, and on
it a poor unfortunate prisoner is securely bound to
an actual wheel-of cart or cannon-resting hori-
zontally on stout wooden supports firmly fixed to
the wheel and platform. At the head of the victim
there stands a confessor with a crucifix in his hand,
attending the poor fellow, and opposite the execu-
tioner with a great heavy club, raised to break the
bones of the condemned.
J. C. J.

This is a gruesome and ghastly subject, and perhaps the less said about it the better. But German engravings of executions leave us in no doubt as to the nature of the atrocious punishment of the "wheel." The criminal was stripped and bound, supine, usually upon a wheel, fixed horizontally on a scaffold, with legs and arms extended; and the executioner fulfilled his cursed office by grasping what appears to have been an ordinary cart-wheel (about forty inches across) at each end of its horizontal diameter, and then bringing down the lower part of the rim with all his might on each of the naked limbs in turn of the unhappy victim, thus crushing them (much as the malefactor's limbs were crushed after crucifixion); and he seems to have completed the awful operation by such blows on the breast as more or less speedily terminated life. Favoured criminals were sometimes strangled before being "broken."

The wheel was in its third and last capacity used as a gibbet, on which the severed limbs and head of the victim were exposed, in terrorem, at the cross-ways; and no one who has glanced at Retzsch's Outlines to Bürger's Ballads' is likely to forget the telling effect caused by the introduction of this spectacle in the fifth illustration to 'Lenore' and the fourth to the Pfarrer's Tochter von Taubenhayn.' J. ELIOT HODGKIN.

Richmond, Surrey.

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Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.
Westminster School Register from 1764 to 1883. Compiled
and Edited by G. F. Russell Barker and Alan H.
Stenning. (Macmillan & Co.)

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FORTY years have elapsed since the Alumni Westmonasterienses' of Mr. Charles Bagot Phillimore was given to the world. During that period other loyal sons of Westminster-notably Mr. Frederic H. Forshall, the author of Westminster School Past and Present,' 1884have contributed towards preserving and rendering accessible its records. A further important contribution to the same end is now made by Mr. Russell Barker, well known on the 'Dictionary of National Biography' and in N. & Q.,' and Mr. Stenning, both of them, it is need

less to say, Westminster scholars. The work now completed and given to the world consists of the names and June, 1764, and August, 1883. No explanation of these records of boys admitted to Westminster School between limitations is proffered. The compilers, however, are still seeking particulars concerning the Westmonastrians admitted previously to June, 1764, and it seems that the period now dealt with is that covered by the These are four in number, and extend over the period books of entries at present in possession of the head master. mentioned, with the exception of the date from Sept. 27, 1788, to the end of 1805, the admissions for which time are not forthcoming. Head masters have been, it appears, in the habit of looking upon these books as MSS., as well as the book of Dr. Nicolls, containing, their private property, and it is hoped that the wanting among others, the admission of Gibbon, may yet be discovered. We think, however, of the fate of Warburton's plays, and are not too sanguine.

The task of Messrs. Russell Barker and Stenning has been carried out with exemplary judgment and zeal. How ample is the information sometimes supplied will be seen by a reference to the name Somerset. In some cases that we note an inquiry in N. & Q.' would have speedily obtained information not now forthcoming, and ably lost. Occasionally matters of interest, political or in one or two instances, it is to be feared, irrecoverliterary, spring up, as when we read of Robert Southey that he was expelled from the school in 1792 for an article contributed to the Flagellant. The work is well executed and welcome.

The Church of All Saints, East Budleigh. Part II. By T. N. Brushfield, M.D. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art.

THE histories of our towns and villages are one by one satisfaction, more often, we are sorry to say, in a way being treated of-sometimes in a manner which gives which shows that the authors possess enthusiasm without insight; now and then we come across books of this sort that are mere trade speculations. At present be not promptly taken to show the reading public what this sort of imposture is rare. If, however, means a good village history should be like, we dread very much that as the desire for local knowledge goes on growing this kind of pestilent literature will rapidly increase.

There is no better method of stopping the influx of bad books than to furnish examples of really good ones. This Dr. Brushfield has done in a most exemplary manner. To all Devonshire men his history of the Church of All Saints, East Budleigh, ought to be a work of surpassing interest; but not to them alone, for to those who live far away from Devonshire and who have no Devonian blood in their veins it will serve as a model of how a town history should be written. We cannot wish for a better fate for Dr. Brushfield's little work than that a copy should be deposited in every local library throughout the land, so that intending authors might have a specimen before them showing how a work of this kind should be done.

Devonshire is noted for its wood carvings. Much as her churches have suffered from the zeal of reformers and Puritans, it is probable that even more havoc has been made in the latter days by " beautifying" churchwardens and ignorant committees of "restoration." What damage has taken place at East Budleigh we cannot estimate, but the full fury of the tempest has not raged there. The old benches, with their curious sculptured ends, have been saved. Of these Dr. Brushfieldgives a very careful description. They are well worthy of all the attention which he has bestowed upon them.

"There cannot be much doubt that they are the work of
docal artists some time early in the sixteenth century.
We now call these things open benches or seats,
reserving the word "pew " for a pen with a door. Our
forefathers called them pews. That pews in the modern
sense existed before the Reformation has been ardently
denied; but Dr. Brushfield shows that this is a mistake.
That there were a few pews with doors in Roman
Catholic times is certain, but we imagine that they were
Sir Thomas More uses the word
very uncommon.
several times, but we cannot call to mind any instance in
which it is quite certain that the term is employed in the
modern sense. The most noteworthy example he affords
is when he speaks of seeing "men fall at varyance for
kissing of the pax, or goying before in procession, or
setting of their wiues pewes in the church" (ed. 1557,
p. 88, c.). In those days men and women commonly sat
on different sides of the church, and here we have, in all
probability, an allusion to the women's seats, wherein it
was but according to nature that the "wiues" should
equabble as to who should have the most notable place.
Dr. Brushfield has collected much that does not
directly relate to East Budleigh in illustration of the
objects still to be found in the church and the entries in
the old parish account-books. Among other things we
have a very complete essay on the old practice of chain-
ing such volumes as the writings of Erasmus, Foxe, and
Jewell in the churches. In the reign of Henry VIII. an
order was made that the Bible in English should be placed
in the churches for the use of the parishioners. This
has been thought to have been a new departure. Many
instances, however, could be given of chained Bibles in
churches in pre-Reformation times. We do not, however,
remember any example of their being in the vernacular.
Sprigs of yew have been used all over the north of
Europe instead of palms on Palm Sunday. In Devon-
shire it seems that this use so impressed itself on the
minds of the people that the yew tree was known by the
name of palm.

The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth. Edited,
with Memoir, by Edward Dowden. Vols. II. and III.
(Bell & Sons.)

The light it

a few sentences to anticipate Rabelais.
casts upon mediæval manners is very singular.
Old London Street Cries. By Andrew W. Tuer, F.S.A.
EMBOLDENED by the favourable reception given to the
(Leadenhall Press.)
book in a costly edition, Mr. Tuer has now published a
cheap edition, which appears already to have reached its
seventy-sixth thousand. It contains abundant matter of
antiquarian interest, is profusely illustrated, and over-
flows with references to N. & Q. Some of the matters
dealt with in N. & Q.' are not yet satisfactorily settled.
"A tormenter for your fleas" can scarcely be what Mr.
Wallis suggests, and "Water for the Buggs" remains
unexplained. The little volume is welcome. A com-
panion volume, giving a selection from country cries, is &
desideratum.

The Pilgrim's Progress. By John Bunyan. (Bagster &
Sons.)
WE have here a very cheap, handy, and accurate edition
of Bunyan's immortal allegory, illustrated with quaint
cuts.

Hazell's Annual for 1893 contains, as usual, a stupendous mass of information of the most varied kind. Among annuals it has established a position as one of the most valuable.

WE have received a copy of the Baptist Handbook for of information calculated to be of service to the Baptist 1893 (Veale, Chifferiel & Co), containing a large amount

Union.

THE next volume of the "Book-Lover's Library" will be entitled Literary Blunders: a Chapter in the History of Human Error,' by Mr. H. B. Wheatley, F.S.A., the editor of the series. It will be issued during the present month.

quarian magazine, edited by J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A.
THE Illustrated Archeologist, a new quarterly anti-
Scot., will be published in May next by C. J. Clark, of
Lincoln's Inn Fields.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices:
ON all communications must be written the name and

address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but
as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

MR. DOWDEN's admirable and authoritative edition of Wordsworth progresses satisfactorily. The second volume is in some respects the best of the series, containing as it does the poems of the fancy and those of the imagination, including 'Peter Bell, The Waggoner,' Laodamia,' Hart Leap Well,' "She was a phantom of delight," Lines composed a Few Miles To secure insertion of communications correspondents above Tintern Abbey,' and innumerable others. Strong claims may, however, be put in by vol. iii., with the must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, sonnets" It is a beauteous evening" and others of unor reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the equalled beauty, 'Rob Roy's Grave' and many other signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to poems which it is a delight to read once more in this appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested handsome and convenient edition. Vol. iii, is, how-to head the second communication "Duplicate." ever, a little too thick and cumbrous. The notes are excellent. Why, we are inclined to wonder, is the second line only of the sonnet" With how sad steps, O moon," put in inverted commas? Surely both the first lines are taken from Sidney!

The Vision of Mac Conglinne. Edited by Kuno Meyer. With an Introduction by Wilhelm Wollner. (Nutt.) WE have here, with a new translation and glossary, notes, an index of names, and an all-important introduction, an edition of a work which appeals not only to Irish scholars, but to the folk-lorist and the student of mediæval institutions. Prof. Wollner is almost disposed to believe in an intention on the part of the author to parody the celebrated vision of Irish saints. What is the true signification of this quaint gastronomical story we cannot undertake to say. In some respects it seems in

TANG JE PUVS.-Sonnets on Tennyson by Mr. Theodore Watts appear in the Athenæum for December 24 and 31, 1892. A poem by Mr. Swinburne appears August 29, 1891, in the same periodical.

M. E. NICOLLE, Jersey ("Pouring oil on troubled
waters ").-Consult General Indexes to ' N. & Q.'
R. A. FARQUHARSON ("Silver").-A query as to Silver
Hill is put 8th S. ii. 366, and remains unanswered.

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contains an Article upon the HISTORY of TOOK'S-COURT and its

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CRYPHAL SCRIPTURES. Being the Additions to the Old Testament Canon which were included in the Ancient Greek and Latin Versions; the English Text of the Authorized Version, together with the Additional Matter found in the Vulgate and other Ancient Versions; Introductions to the several Books and Fragments; Marginal Notes and References; and a General Introduction to the Apocrypha. By the Rev. W. R. CHURTON, B.D., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Canon of the Cathedral of St. Albans, and Examining Chaplain of the Bishop. Large post 8vo. pp. 608, cloth, 78, 6d.

NEIGHBOURHOOD, by Mr. GEORGE CLINCH, of the British Museum, The NARROW WAY. A Complete

with the following Ilustrations by Mr. A. Bernard Sykes :

LINCOLN'S INN GATEHOUSE.

THE ROLLS CHAPEL.

CLIFFORD'S INN.

OLD SERJEANTS' INN.

THE ATHENÆUM OFFICE, TOOK'S-COURT.
SKETCH MAP of CHANCERY-LANE.

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Manual of Devotion for the Young, with a Guide to Confirmation and Holy Communion. 245th Thousand. Cloth, 6d.; or neatly bound, with gilt edges, ls. Large-Type Edition, cloth, is.

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ELDER & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.

SMITH, ELDER

WORKS BY JOHN ADDINGTON

SYMONDS.

Renaissance in Italy:

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98.

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W. M. THACKERAY'S WORKS.
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26 vols. large 8vo. 10s. 6d. each.

This Edition contains some of Mr. Thackeray's Writings not previously collected, with many additional Illustrations. W. M. THACKERAY'S WORKS. The Library Edition.

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MISS THACKERAY'S WORKS.
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ARNOLD. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Contents:-1. Literature. 2. Politics and Society. 3. Philosophy and Religion.

ROBERT BROWNING'S WORKS.
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In 16 vols. small crown 8vo. 5s. each. The Volumes can be had bound in Sets or separately.

This Edition contains Three Portraits of Mr. Browning at different periods of his life, and a few Illustrations. Also Mr. Browning's Last Volume, Asolando: Fancies and Facts. Ninth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.

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Messrs. SMITH, ELDER & Co. will be happy to forward a CATALOGUE of their Publications post free on application.

London: SMITH, ELDER & CO. 15, Waterloo-place, S.W.

Printed by JOHN C. FRANCIS, Athenæum Press, Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane, E.; and Published by the said
JOHN C. FRANCIS, at Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane, E.C.-Saturday, February 4, 1893.

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NOTES and
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Or may be ordered of any Bookseller.

The Crown having acquired Nos. 4 and 22, Took's Court, the Printing and Publishing Murray, Stuart House, Leicester; Frank Murray, Shakespeare's Head, Departments are now REMOVED to the New Offices at Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane.

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by AUCTION by LIBRAIRIE A BLUFF (S'anislas B. Toeplitz.NOTES of the MIDDLETON FAMILY of DEN

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BIGHSHIRE, including Middleton of Cadwgan, Middleton of Chirk (Baronets), Middleton of Ruthin and London (Baron te). By WM. DUNCOMBE PINK.

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TUNBRIDGE WELLS. BOARD and RESI-NOTES

DENCE offered in a Private Family. Central position. Close to Common, three minutes' from S.E. Rly Station. Dry, invigorating air.-R. G., Roxwell, Guildford-road, Grove Hill-road, Tunbridge Wells.

CHISLEHURST (near the Railway Station, and

delightfully situated opposite Bickley Park)-TO BE LET, for the residue of Lease (six years unexpired), a SUPERIOR RESIDENCE. with spacious and lofty Reception and Billiard Rooms, Nine Bed and Dressing Rooms, Stabling, Lodge Entrance, Glass Houses, &c., and all the adjuncts of a Gentleman's first-class establishment, surrounded by 144 acres of perfectly charming (though inexpensive) Pleasure Grounds, Gardens, Wilderness, and Pasture. Original rent, 3601. per annum. No premium.-Detailed particulars, &c, may be had at Inglewood, Chislehurst, Kent; or from Mr. DAVID J. CHATTELL, of 29A (corner of). Lincoln's Inn-fields and Chiale burst, who strongly recommends the property.

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for SATURDAY, April 2nd, 1892,

contains an Article upon the HISTORY of TOOK'S-COURT and its
NEIGHBOURHOOD, by Mr. GEORGE CLINCH, of the British Museum,
with the following Illustrations by Mr. A. Bernard Sykes:-
LINCOLN'S INN GATEHOUSE.

THE ROLLS CHAPEL.

CLIFFORD'S INN.

OLD SERJEANTS' INN.

THE ATHENÆUM OFFICE, TOOK'S-COURT.
SKETCH MAP of CHANCERY-LANE.

JOHN C. FRANCIS, Notes and Queries Office, Bream's-buildings,
Chancery-lane, E.C.

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