connected with each other by certain points of analogy or similitude.

These groups are eight in number, as indicated in Article XVI.

The members of each group will nominate their President and Vice President.

Article LXVIII. The decisions of any Special Jury will not be confirmed until approved of by the group to which it belongs.

Article LXIX. The rewards of the first class will not be granted until they have been revised by a Council composed of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Special Juries.

The Jury of Fine Arts is excepted from this rule. Article LXX. Each Special Jury is allowed to call in to its assistance, as associates or experts, one or more persons technically acquainted with any particular articles submitted for their examination. These persons may be either selected from among the members of other Juries, or from among persons not members of the Jury, possessing the required information. The members thus called in will only take part in the labours of the Jury, as regards the particular object for which their services were required; they will only be entitled to deliberate, and not to vote.

The second, Sculpture and Die sinking.
The third, Architecture.

Each section will determine with regard to works coming under their own province.

Article LXXXI. The Exhibition is open to the productions of French and foreign artists who were living on the 22nd June, 1853, the date of the Decree constituting the Exhibition of Fine Arts.

Article LXXXII. Artists may send to the Universal Exhibition works that have already been previously exhibited; they will only not be allowed to send

1. Copies (excepting those which reproduce a work in a different manner, on enamel, by drawing, &c.) 2. Pictures and other objects without frames. 3. Sculptures in unbaked clay.

Article LXXXIII. The following Articles of the present Rules apply to the Division of Fine Arts. Articles 1 to 13; 15 to 30. Articles 35, 36, 40 to 47; 49 to 52; and 58 to 77.

(Here follow the signatures.)

AMERICAN PATENT LAW.

In the course of the discussion on the Patent Laws which Article LXXI. Any exhibitor accepting the functions took place in January and February last, it will be reof a Juror or Deputy Juror, will by so doing be ex-membered that some allusion was made to the cost of cluded from the competition for rewards.

The Jury for Fine Arts is excepted from this rule. Article LXXII. Those exhibitors are equally ineligible for reward who may have been called in to assist Juries, as associates or experts, but only for the particular class in which they have acted.

patents in the United States, and to the fact that foreigners were charged a higher fee than citizens, and Englishmen more than any other foreigners. This, it was stated, arose from patents being dearer in other countries than in America, where the charge was adjusted according to what a citizen would have to pay in another country.

Article LXXIII. Each Jury can according to circum-During the course of the discussion, Mr. Charles F. stances subdivide itself into Committees; but they cannot make any award without a majority of the entire Jury.

Article LXXIV. Special Commissioners, assisted by Inspectors of Sections, will be charged to prepare the work for the Juries, to take care that the goods of no exhibitor escape their examination; to receive the observations and complaints of exhibitors, to repair any omissions, errors, or confusions that may occur; to see that the established rules are observed, to explain these rules to the Juries, whenever necessary.

Article LXXV These Commissioners will not interfere with the deliberations of the Juries, further than to prove facts, remind them of rules, and present the complaints of exhibitors.

Article LXXVI. The nature of the rewards to be distributed, and the general principles that will be adopted as the basis of such rewards, will be determined at an after period by a Decree, based on the recommendations of the Imperial Commission.

Stansbury, who was for some time in the American Patent Office, said he had addressed a letter to the Commissioner of Patents of the United States, urging the propriety of adopting a uniform fee. In this letter, after advising that the fee should be as low as possible, and made payable in three or four instaliments, he says:

"The present law exacts a fee of 500 dollars from a British subject, and 300 dollars from any other foreigner. These high fees have always been defended on the ground of reciprocity. It has been said, 'We charge the foreigner only what he charges us.' But this plea is founded neither upon correct principle nor actual practice. It is not correct in principle because reciprocity does not mean retaliation. It simply means, as applied to this question, such an adjustment of the fee as shall put foreigners on the same footing, as regards our law, as our own citizens occupy under the laws of the foreign country. In treaty stipulations, it is a common practice for each of the contracting parties to agree with the other that they shall reciprocally be placed on the same footing with the Article LXXVII. In every case, independently of the most favoured nations; and the question what that foothonorary distinctions that may be awarded, the Council ing is, is not necessary to be raised in order to determine of Presidents and Vice-Presidents will have the power of whether reciprocity is established. The agreement itself recommending, according to circumstances, to the Em- is reciprocity. Now, reciprocity, as thus defined, would peror, such exhibitors as may appear to merit special demand that we should, because other nations do marks of public gratitude, or encouragement of any so, charge the same fees to natives of all countries, withother nature, on account of services rendered to civilisa-out distinction; in short, it would require us to put tion, humanity, art, or science; or for any considerable foreigners on the same footing as our own citizens, for they sacrifices, having as their object general utility, both as make no discrimination against us, notwithstanding ours regards inventors and producers. against them.

SPECIAL RULes regarding THE FINE ARTS. Article LXXVIII. A French Jury appointed at Paris will determine on the admission of the works of French artists.

Article LXXIX. The Members of the French Jury of Admission will be appointed by the Section of Fine Arts of the Imperial Commission.

Article LXXX. The Jury of Admission for the Fine Arts will be divided into three sections.

The first will comprehend Painting, Engraving, and Lithography.

"On the principle of retaliation the British government might say, you charge our subjects sixteen times as much as your own citizens, and two-fifths more than all other foreigners; we will treat you in the same manner, and charge you sixteen times as much as we charge British subjects.' This would bring up the British fee to a sum which would amount to an entire exclusion of American inventors from protection here (England). There would, moreover, be no end to this war of retaliation, once acknowledged as a correct principle in international affairs. But, admitting that retaliation be the correct principle, it has not in fact been followed, inasmuch as no country in Europe,

policy upon sister nations-a manifost absurdity and wrong. The actual amount of the fee must be regulated by the circumstances of each government. In England it is not out of proportion to the other taxes."

Own

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with perhaps one exception, so far as I am able to learn. now charges as much either as 500 dollars or 300 dollars for a patent. If, then, this high fee be not demanded on the ground of reciprocity or retaliation, it would seem that the only ground upon which it can rest must be that In his report to the President of the Senate for the year of protection to the American inventor." Mr. Stansbury 1853, the Hon. Chas. Mason, the Commissioner of Patents, then refers to the rigid examination which all applications says: "Another change connected with this subject which undergo as regards novelty or priority of invention,-ex seems to be imperatively called for, relates to the fee repressing the opinion that when any doubtful case arises in quired of foreigners. That fee seems to the undersigned this respect, the advantage is all on the side of the American enormous and indefensible upon any principle of justice inventor, and proceeds, "but it may be urged that the or sound policy. If a patent is to be regarded as a downprotection here meant is not the protection of individual right gratuity conferred by the Government on the ininventions, but the general protection of American inge-ventor, simple equity dictates that we should not impose nuity against foreign competition. Had not this argument more onerous conditions on the subjects of other governactually been urged, I should not have thought it worthy of ments than those governments exact from our refutation. To talk in this century of protecting all possible citizens. The stern rule of retaliation would ask for future American inventions is, I submit, simply absurd. It nothing more than such reciprocity. Within the last would be to shut ourselves out from the influence of two years Great Britain has greatly diminished her former human progress. It would be to throw away the aid of high rates of patent fees. It is believed that in no the intelligence of nine-tenths of the human family. It country in Europe are our citizens taxed for these purwould be saying, 'We will have no part nor lot in any poses as severely as we now tax theirs. It is well known ameliorations or improvements which do not originate on that some European governments impose a lower rate of our own soil.' The genius of the American people is fees on an American citizen than he would be required to opposed to such illiberality. It is their policy and their pay by this Office; and yet we continue to charge a province to adopt, utilize, and improve the practical British subject 500 dollars, and any other alien 30C thoughts of the whole world, and to make such thoughts dollars, for that which we grant to our own citizens for their willing slaves in working out the great practicable 30 dollars. But the granting of a patent is not a mere problems of civilisation. Nor is such protection in any gratuity by the Government; it is the recognition of an way aided by a prohibitory fee, for, as long as the present evident right in the inventor. No title to property can be principle of examination is retained, those foreign inven more just or valid than his who has created that property. tions which are excluded, and therefore useless to the The rule of natural justice is the same in this respect American people, stand just as much in the way of the whether the inventor be a citizen or an alien. American inventor's procuring a patent as if they were But there is a reason, founded in sound policy, why admitted and enjoyed. It may be said that foreign greater liberality should be exercised towards a foreign inventions may be introduced without being protected by inventor than towards the alien owner of tangible proan American patent. This is, no doubt, true; but every perty. He pays a consideration, which the other does one acquainted with the subject knows that, practically, not by taking out a patent, he makes the subject thereof the prohibitory character of the fee prevents the foreign public property at the end of fourteen years. The benefits inventor from making any effort to secure the introduction of the invention are then secure, and can never be lost to of his improvement, and no one else feels disposed to go the world. High charges deter inventors from parting to the necessary expense and trouble. It is a fact within with their secrets. Many an invention is thus strangled my own knowledge, that hundreds of excellent inventions, in its birth, which, under other circumstances, night well adapted to our wants, are kept out by the exorbitant have been developed into something of vast consequence amount of the fee, and have not found their way to our to the world. There are no lost arts under a liberal and country through the ordinary channels of trade. well-regulated patent office system; and this is one of its great advantages. If foreign nations choose to place these chief means of human progress in subordination to the requirements of their respective exchequers, we are forbidden to imitate them, both by the condition of our treasury and the well-established policy of our government. From the preceding considerations it seems evident that a great change should be made as to the fees required from foreign applicants. It is respectfully submitted, whether the most convenient, wise, and beneficial rule will not be to abolish all distinctions growing out of geographical considerations, and to charge every applicant a fair remuneration for the trouble given by him to the office, but no more. Such a course would be just, generous, and noble; seeking to raise no revenue from those who are the special instruments of human advancement, showing a confidence in the capability of our own inventors to cope on equal terms with those of all the world besides, and taking no inconsiderable step in bringing about that great brotherhood of nations for which a higher civilization is gradually preparing the world."

"I think I have shown that the fee is not necessary for reciprocity nor for protection. I shall now endeavour to show that it is unjust in itself, inasmuch as it is more than an equivalent for the service done. All that the present patent law does is to give the inventor a prima facie title, and no more should be charged by Government than will pay the cost of making the examination, and performing the necessary labour connected with the case. In other words, the patent office should be made a self-sustaining institution, not a bank of deposit for accumulated taxes, to be a bone of contention between rival departments and bureaux. But it is notorious that the patent office has always more than sustained itself: it has accumulated a large fund, and, under legitimate management, must continue to accumulate. But, grant that it merely sus tains itself, should not the expense be equalised between all the parties concerned, and not be thrown in tenfold proportion upon foreign inventors, whose applications notoriously give the least trouble. If 30 dollars be enough for the American citizen to pay, surely 500 dollars, or even 300 dollars, is too much for the foreigner. "This exceptional case in the American law, call it discrimination or retaliation, exists in no other country. The French, the Dutch, the Belgian, the Austrian governments-all issue patents to British subjects on the same terms as to their own citizens, notwithstanding the British fee is greatly higher than their own; and the English government makes no distinction whatever between natives and foreigners. To adopt a contrary principle, would be an attempt on the part of the nation so adopting, to force, in this matter, her own system of domestic

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POSTAL ANOMALIES.

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An unstamped newspaper, under two ounces in weight, pays 4d. postage from Westminster to Kensington, but only 1d. from Westminster to New York. In order to send an unstamped paper once through the post at 1d., its weight must be kept under half an ounce, but a stamped newspaper, over four ounces, may go FOR EVER for a single penny. In order to obtain the postal privilage for a paper

NOT a newspaper, it is necessary to give security against blasphemy and sedition, and to make a solemn statutory declaration that what is alone to be published is a newspaper. Mr. Milner Gibson has given notice for Tuesday, May 16th-" To call attention to the present unsatisfactory state of the Law affecting the Press, and to move the following Resolution :-"That it is the opinion of this House that the Laws in reference to the Periodical Press and Newspaper Stamp are ill-defined and unequally enforced; and it appears to this House that the subject demands the early consideration of Parliament."

SEWING MACHINES.

By Dr. H. WAMPEN.*

or machine-system manufactory subjects everythingnamely, to produce an article or garment for the smallest possible amount of cost, regardless of everything else except the greatest appearance of fineness, that is, the external shine, termed the refined. This fineness, however, consists in the thinness and soft feeling of the cloth, arising from the combination of cotton and wool in the manufacture, &c. (little cost), the result belonging to the art of cloth manufacture; and for which reason, then, the workman in a garment manufacture can have no part. Farther, as every master of a slop or machine-system manufacture never will or can comprehend that the forms of the human figure have any connection with designing and scientific modelling for garments, no one is ever employed by them in this department, though it is the only It is asserted of these machines that they may prove ture. But instead of adopting such refinement it is most refined, viewing dress as a fine art, in a garment manufacthe means of emancipating all persons in every depart positively rejected, and substituted with copies, fac-similes ment of industry where sewing is required; in order that of patterns, in the different sizes of small, middling, such branches of industry may be monopolized in a few and large, and all of the same kind of form, blocked hands, and that the great mass of humanity now employed out of tin, lasting interminably. Here then is stiff, in them may enjoy the sunshine of life without labour, or hard finality, stamped out of metal, checking all profind some other more healthy, easy, and refined occupation. To enter into the questions of what there would be left of gress in art, design, and science, which would suit Mr. Brunel. These tin shapes are placed in the employments for a large body of the people, or what hands of a person who, having to cut out by them, is misery must be endured by them during the transition, termed a cutter, and in a strict sense of the word a cutter would lead us farther than belongs to the purpose of this he must be in many ways. A rule is given to him: the work. But when it is asserted by slop manufacturers of clothing that the sewing machine will not allow of the garment must be general, and for no especial form of a human figure. Thus are enumerated all the departments use of cotton-it is confidently to be hoped not of rotten or branches in the manufacture of garments, without cotton-then it is worth the attention of the public to find finding a refined part upon which ever could or would be the difference between the art and the slop manufacture in a slop or machine-system manufacture a single indiviof this branch of industry. First, an art manufacturer of dual employed. Indeed, it is well-known that a person clothing never uses cotton in sewing, but the best of silk of artistic skill and scientific knowledge would even be and thread, the only materials suitable for cloth. In this respect the instrument is to be commended, as it cannot do rejected. Thus, it is not true that in a slop or machinethat which is blameable, although poor hungry half-system manufacture of garments there is a part or branch upon which any single person, still less several starved men must. But besides this, the public should not be led to believe that a mere flat straight line, or flat is but the fine (thin), set off with fine words, to make the persons are engaged; and, lastly, the so-termed refined curved line sewing constitutes the correct sewing of a gar- public believe they get articles of art manufacture, ment. By no means; though in flat sewing the machine when in reality those so-termed are but slop ones. is for some cases useful, the sewing of a garment properly Second, having now dwelt on the system of slop manuis in the holding of its parts, while being sewed, or put facture, and brought with it art manufacture in the course together, in such a position as that the garment, if it is of argument in connection, it is but just to bring also the cut out after a correct design and model, shall fall unconstrained, easily, and naturally to the figure for which it principles of this forward, and show that the art manufacture of garments or dress is a special and true branch, was especially intended. Intelligent workmen have mind, which may justly be termed the refined, or in other words and that mind contains perceptions and conceptions of the the artistic and scientific. It will then be admitted that forms of the figure, gained by studying and drawing them in an art manufacture of dress the first principle is the bein all their variety. But not so has the machine, nor the comingness of the dress to the special form of figure for machine-system trained individual who works but which such dress is intended; second, the best material like a machine. This is, then, in respect to sewing. in real internal quality; third, the paying a remunerating the difference between a garment made by an art manu-price, where talent in art and knowledge in science is exfacturer and one by a slop manufacturer, or, in other pended, in order that the perfect may be reached. With words, manufactured according to the machine sys- these principles it may fairly be presumed that the really tem. Second, in the same breath these slop manufac-refined is to be found and cultivated. In an art manuturers assert that the employment of the sewing machine would prove immensely profitable if it could be made to work with cotton; and as the public demand more and more the refined, the people, instead of engaging in the heavy work, might be employed in the refined and lighter branches. This would appear as if slop and machinesystem manufacturers could and would furnish the public with the refined and artistic articles of apparel or

costume.

As we know, from close observation and from knowledge of the matter, that such is not the case, and farther, as the object of the work in hand is to cultivate the refined or the artistic and scientific part of this branch of industry, it follows that the subject finds a place here.

facture of dress, perfectly arranged, first is employed a designer and modeller, a person of thorough scientific and aesthetic knowledge of the human figure, and who is well skilled in the application of that learning to the designing and modelling art for dress, without failing to design and construct a model for every special dress or garment; second, persons to cut out by those designs or models. If the establishment is not sufficiently large, then the designing and modelling, with the cutting out department, are united in a foreman; or the master takes the designing and modelling part in his own hand, and employs a cutter only; or the master cuts out and employs a designer and modeller. Here we see that in an art manufacture of dress, the refined, or, in other words, the

First, then, is the question, What does a slop manufac-designing and modelling in dress, is really in every positurer of clothing mean by the refined? Before it is answered, the principle must be pointed out to which slop * Excerpt "Mathematical Instruction in Constructing Models for Draping the Human Figure." By Dr. H. Wampen.

Messrs. Boone.

tion paramount and cultivated, when in the slop manufacture it is as truly annhilated. Nay, the very principle of the one is to make it paramount, when the principle of the other is to destroy it.

Perhaps this slight sketch may aid the public to discri

In respect to drapery or costume this studio is just as economically and meagrely provided. Garments from a slop manufacturer, regardless whether they are becoming, suitable, or harmonious with the form of the lay figure-ject, at least for home consumption, all machines and male figure form it has noue-are put on, and so one disharmony is mingled with another. Farther, by such meagre mechanical means one figure thus arranged must be quite finished before another can be commenced, which causes a feeling as if the whole picture were patched in piece by piece, instead of producing in the beholder the agreeable sensation which arises from perfect, undisturbed harmony.

Home Correspondence.*

MATERIALS FOR PAPER MAKING.

SIR,-The short time which remained for discussion after the reading of the paper on Wednesday evening, precluded my offering any observations on its subject, and, therefore, I am induced to trouble you with the following remarks on one or two points which appear to me to have an important bearing on some of the matters noticed in the paper read by Dr. Royle.

One subject he prominently brought under the notice of the Society is the present high price of materials for the manufacture of paper. I believe the following figures fairly represent the comparative prices of several sorts of the staple material, rags, in the years 1852 and 1854:1852. 1854. 32s. to 34s. per cwt.