Kettle is the bare (or unmodified) object, and kettle of boiling water is the complete object.

The water scalded him.

In this sentence, him is the object telling who was scalded. Again, in the sentence

That young lady has a handsome watch,

watch is the object, telling what the young lady has, or possesses. When a noun or pronoun is used after a verb in such a way as to answer the question what? (or who?), it is called the object of the verb. (343 and 348.)

Notice that these objects follow verbs that express doing or having; that is, action or possession,

The copula verbs (16a) do not express action or possession, therefore they are not followed by objects, though, as we have seen (17), nouns and pronouns are sometimes used after them to complete the predicate.

Remark. Some verbs that express action or possession do not always have objects after them, while others never do. We shall learn more about this at another time. (97 a and 98.)

Turn to Lesson 1, and supply modified subjects for the predicates in paragraph 7 and place objects after as many of the verbs as will take objects.

43. How to tell the Object.-When you are in doubt as to what is the object of a verb, or whether it has an object at all, you may easily find out by reading the predicate and putting the question what? (or who?) after it. If there is a word that will answer the question, that word is the object. Thus, in the first example in paragraph 42, we ask "struck what?" Answer: "the tree;" and in the second example, "overturned what?" Answer: "the kettle”—the object.

Remark. Since the verb is always limited by its object, consider the object and its modifiers as a part of the complete predicate. Thus, in the first example above, the complete predicate is 'struck the tall tree in the park.' (343.)

44. Sentences containing objects: [Analyze and parse.]

I. The sun warms the earth. 2. They cheered the president. 3. Whittier wrote beautiful poems. 4. The late frost killed the early fruit. 5. Dark clouds cover the sky. 6. I have the lesson. 7. George has a fine dog. 8. You have a bad cold. 9. They had an enjoyable time. 10. Ye shall have peace.

45. The principal word in adjectival and adverbial phrases will answer the same question after the preposition that the object of a verb answers after the predicate. Thus, in

The firm advertised for a bookkeeper,

we may ask "advertised for what?" Answer: Answer: "a bookkeeper."

And in

He wrote a long letter to me about that matter,

if we ask the questions "wrote to whom?" and "wrote about what?" the answers will be "me" and "matter," the objects of to and about; while the question "wrote what?" brings out the object of the verb,-"letter." The complete object is a long letter, while the complete predicate is wrote a long letter to me about that matter.

Point out the objects of the prepositions in the sentences, in paragraph 41.

46. Direct and Indirect Objects.-Verbs of action often have two objects; one naming the thing that receives the action, and the other naming the thing indirectly affected by it. Thus, in—

He gave me a book, The tailor made him a coat,

the meaning is not 'He gave me,' and 'The tailor made him,' but 'He gave a book [to] me,' and 'The tailor made a coat [for] him. In these sentences, book and coat are the DIRECT OBJECTS, and me and him the INDIRECT OBJECTS.

Remark. The indirect object of a verb comes before the direct object, and its relation to the verb may be expressed by to or for. When, however, we supply to or for before the indirect object, the phrase thus formed follows the direct object, and the indirect object of the verb becomes the object of the

preposition.

paragraph 45:

To illustrate this, take the two forms of the second example in

He wrote me a long letter about that matter.

He wrote a long letter to me about that matter.

47. Point out the direct and indirect objects of the verbs in the following sentences, and then change the indirect object into a phrase, so that it will become the object of to or for :

The clerk sold her the goods.
The captain told them a big yarn.
The careless druggist gave the

The proprietor showed us the letter. His friends bought him a gold watch. poor fellow the wrong medicine.

The railway company gave all the conductors very strict orders.
The government had been furnishing the Indians food and clothing.

48. The objective element answers the question what? (or who?) after a verb expressing action or possession. It also answers the question what? (or whom?) after prepositions. (348.) The indirect object of a verb of action names the person or thing to (or for) which the act is done.

LESSON 8,

FORMS OF ELEMENTS.

49. We have seen that an element of a sentence may be either a word or a phrase. (346.)

We shall see farther on that a clause (which is nearly the same as a sentence) may be used as an element. (III a.)

An element consisting of a word is a word element.
An element consisting of a phrase is a phrase element.
An element consisting of a clause is a clause element.

A word, phrase, or clause element that has no modifiers is called a simple element; but when it has modifiers, it is called a complex element.

Two or more elements of the same kind may be joined together by conjunctions; thus

Checks and drafts are cashed. He drinks neither tea nor coffee.
You may ride or walk.

She teaches shorthand and typewriting.

The boys and girls play in the house and on the lawn.
Payment in gold or bank-notes was demanded but refused.

When two or more word or phrase elements of the same kind are connected in this way, they form what is called a compound element; and the word (a conjunction) that connects them is a connecting element.

Remark. Besides conjunctions, there are other connecting elements which we shall learn about at another time. (356.)

50. Simple and Compound Sentences.-So far, we have studied sentences that make but one statement, or assertion; as

They all went to the picnic. I stayed at home and worked.
Charles works in a factory. Henry is employed in an office.

Such sentences are called SIMPLE. They contain but one subject and one predicate each. But we frequently unite two such statements into one sentence by using a conjunction; thus—

They all went to the picnic, but I stayed at home and worked.
Charles works in a factory, and Henry is employed in an office.
You must do your work better, or we shall discharge you.

(a) When two or more simple sentences are connected in this way, they form what is called a COMPOUND SENTENCE.

51. Point out the compound elements, the connecting elements, and the compound sentences in the following:

1. Silver and gold are precious metals. 2. The merry children laugh and play. 3. Spelling and arithmetic are practical studies. 4. Reading and writing should be learned in youth. 5. Greek and Latin are dead languages. 6. Those apples are mellow and sweet. 7. That flower is beautiful but not fragrant. 8. They came and went in a hurry. 9. They destroyed the town with shot and shell. 10. In this country, the sons of the rich and poor are educated together. II. "Genuine politeness comes only by a union of inward grace and outward culture." 12. A beaver can live on land or in the water.

Remark. Sometimes a part or all of the conjunctions are omitted. [For the

punctuation in such cases, see Rule 2 for use of comma, paragraph 303, b, c, d. also, rule for semicolon, 3123.]

13. They wash, iron, cook, eat, and sleep in the same room. 14. Wheat, corn, and oats are raised in this country, in India, and in Europe. 15. He went to school and I stayed at home. 16. They came but the work was finished. 17. The morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy.

18. We silently gazed on the face of the dead,

And we bitterly thought of the morrow.

20. Great Nature spoke; observant man obeyed;
Cities were formed; societies were made.

21. War and love are strange compeers.
War sheds blood, and love sheds tears
War has swords, and love has darts;

War breaks heads, and love breaks hearts.

Note to Teacher.-For further work in analyzing compound elements, use the first ten sentences given for practice under Rule 2 for the comma, 303.

LESSON 9.

ORDER OF ELEMENTS.

52. In the English language, the usual order of the leading elements in a sentence is

Remark. This order of elements is called the NATURAL, or LOGICAL order. (Logical, means 'according to sense, or reason.')

(a) Adjectives usually stand before the nouns they modify;