322. Marks of reference are such as the asterisk (*), the dagger (†), section (?), parallel lines (), etc., used to call attention to some note or remark in the margin, at the bottom of the page, or end of the chapter.

IMPORTANCE OF PUNCTUATION.

The importance of correct punctuation is shown by the following illustrations:

John Quincy Adams once gained a lawsuit involving $50,000, the decision of which turned on the position of a comma.

The Tariff Act passed by the XLIId Congress provided that fruit-plants, and certain other commodities, should be admitted free of duty. In engrossing or printing the Act, a comma, instead of a hyphen, was inserted between fruit and plants, consequently," all fruits," and "all plants" were put upon the "free list," and this mistake (if mistake it was) cost the United States about $2,000,000. A special Act of Congress was necessary to get rid of that comma.

Sometimes ludicrous mistakes occur by the misplacing or omission of punctuation marks.

A toast at a public dinner was, "Woman; without her, man would be a savage." The next day it appeared in print, “Woman, without her man, would. be a savage."

Punctuate the following lines so as to make them express a fact:

Every lady in the land has twenty nails upon each hand
Five and twenty on hands and feet this is true without deceit.

AN EPITAPH-PUNCTUATE TO SUIT.

He is an old and experienced man in vice and wickedness he is never found opposing the words of iniquity he takes delight in the downfall of the neighbors he never rejoices in the prosperity of any of his fellow creatures he is always ready to assist in destroying the peace of society he takes no pleasure in serving the Lord he is uncommonly diligent in sowing discord among his friends and acquaintances he takes no pride in laboring to promote the cause of Christianity he has not been negligent in endeavoring to stigmatize all public teachers he makes no exertions to subdue his evil passions he strives hard to build up Satan's kingdom he lends no aid to the support of the gospel among the heathen he contributes largely to the evil adversary he pays no attention to good advice he gives great heed to the devil he will never go to heaven he must go where be will receive the just recompense of his reward.

CAPITAL LETTERS.

323. Capital letters should be used—

I. To begin every sentence and every line of poetry. [See pp. 96-8.] 2. To begin every quotation forming a sentence; as

Pope says, "Hope dwells eternal in the human breast."

3. To begin all words denoting the Deity, and words meaning Heaven; as

Remember thy Creator; Christ; Son of God; Providence; Paradise.

Note. It is now customary to capitalize all personal pronouns referring to God or the Saviour; as, "Trust in Him and He will give you strength."

4. To write the pronoun I and the interjection O.

Note.-O should be used in direct address, and oh in expressions of pain, pleasure, surprise. The latter should not be capitalized unless it begins a sentence. [See 316, Examples.]

5. To begin all proper nouns. This rule includes

(a) Names of persons, countries, cities, towns, and streets; as

James A. Garfield; William E. Gladstone; Canada; Asia; Boston; Chicago; Main Street; Euclid Avenue.

(b) Geographical names of oceans, lakes, mountains, rivers, states, counties, and regions; as—

Atlantic Ocean; Lake Erie; Hudson River; Green Mountains; Indiana; Monroe County; Pacific Coast; the North of Africa; Southern Ohio.

Note 1.-The words north, south, east, and west are capitalized when used to refer to geographical divisions of the country; as, "The East depends upon the West for meats and breadstuffs." But when these words refer to points of the compass, they are not capitalized; as, lives east of here." "It happened four miles north of this place."

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Note 2.-In geographical names, composed of proper and common nouns, such as New York city," "Ohio river," only the first part should be capitalized, (unless the name is used in directing letters, etc.,) because it may be used alone. But in such names as "Jersey City," "White Mountains," both must begin with capitals, because both are parts of the name.

Note 3.-The words state and territory, when they refer to divisions of the United States,

should be capitalized; as, "He is a resident of this State." "He was the first governor of Idaho Territory." [But not in "church and state," "state affairs," "state rights," "Mexico ceded a large territory (tract) to the United States." "They erected a house within their own territory."]

(c) Names of all organized bodies and companies; the names of newspapers, magazines, and other publications; as—

The Odd Fellows; The Cleveland Printing Company; Marine Band; Woman's Christian Temperance Union; The Daily News; The North American Review; The Youth's Companion.

6. To begin titles of honor or distinction, and the names of city, county, state, and national official bodies and departments of the government; as

Gen'l Lew Wallace; Minister to Russia; City Council; Infirmary Directors; State Legislators; P. O. Department; Mayor; Sheriff; Governor; Justice of the Peace. [But not a sheriff," "a governor," or a justice of the peace," etc., unless placed just before the name; as, "Sheriff Ryan;" "Governor McKinley." Neither should the titles of officers of societies, railway companies, banks, etc., be capitalized, unless immediately preceding a name. ]

7. To begin words used to indicate the Bible directly; asThe Scriptures; Gospel of Luke, etc. [But not in "to preach the gospel," "scriptural doctrine," and so forth. ]

8. To begin proper adjectives (87 a), the names of all religious sects, political parties, and adjectives derived from them; as— The American people; Baptist; the Methodist church; the Republican party. 9. To begin names of things spoken of as persons, and of especially important things, events, or organized assemblies; as— "Upon this, Fancy began to bestir herself;" Declaration of Independence; the Reformation; National Educational Association; the International Christian Endeavor Convention.

IO. To begin the names of important buildings and localities;

The Public Library; the High School; [but not when spoken of in a general sense; as, our high schools"] Central Market; the East End; the South Side (parts of a city); the Penitentiary. [But not jail, prison, or post-office, because commonly spoken of in a general sense.]

II. GENERAL.—In directing letters or other mail-matter, capitalize all words except prepositions, conjunctions, or articles, that do not begin a line. [This rule applies also to titles of books, essays, etc., though on the title-page of books the title is usually printed entirely in capitals. ] It is allowable in writing sums of money, especially in the body of a check, draft, or note, to use capitals to begin all uumerals; as, "One Thousand Four Hundred Seventy-five Dollars." However, this is largely a matter of taste, and even among bankers the usage is not uniform, some capitalizing only the first word. In writing advertisements, it is allowable and customary to capitalize all important words.

APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS.*

324. Abhorrence of [not for]. Abhorrent to. You have an abhorrence of a thing, and you may say it is abhorrent to you.

Abound with, in. A country abounds with game, and so we say that game abounds in that country.

Accommodate to, with. We accommodate ourselves to circumstances, or we accommodate others with things we have.

Accompany-ied by, with. One person is accompanied by another, or he is in company with another. One thing is accompanied with another.

[In] accordance with [not to]. Accusation of, against.

Accused of [not for], by. A person is accused of doing a thing by someone who brings the accusation against him.

Acquaint-ed of, with. We acquaint ('inform') a person of the facts concerning a matter, after which he is acquainted with the facts.

Acquit of [not from]. A man is acquitted ('judged not guilty') of the charges brought against him.

Adapted to, for, from. A person or thing may be adapted to a certain work or a thing is adapted for a certain purpose. A piece is adapted from an author. Adequate to [not for]. A man's resources are, or are not, adequate ('equal') to the demand upon them.

Admission to an entertainment; of guilt. Admit to, into [not of]. Your ticket will admit you to the concert; present it at the door and you will be admitted into the room where the concert is to be held.

Advantage of, over. One man takes advantage of a favorable opportunity to get the advantage of, or to gain an advantage over another.

Admonish of, against. We admonish (remind') a person of his duty, or we may admonish ('warn') him against doing a thing.

Advance-d from, to a certain place; to within a certain line or distance, into, or in a given territory. [See În for into, 2627, page 122.]

Advocate of, for, also with. A man may be an advocate of or for a certain measure. With is used in the Scriptures. [See I John, II: 2.]

*To the Teacher.—In this list, the prepositions given after a word are not in all cases the only ones that may be used with it.

By may be used after almost any verb to introduce an adverbial phrase expressing the method or the agency by which a thing is done, especially before an active participle; as, for instance, "He accommodated me by lending me his watch." [See Accused, above; also Discriminate, p. 182.] For also may be used after a great many verbs to introduce adverbial phrases of purpose, or reason. [For example, see Adapted.}

The aim has been to give those prepositions that are most likely to be misused. Nearly all of these have been exemplified, though the examples are necessarily brief. To make this list of the greatest possible benefit to the student, he should be required to construct sentences in which these words and their prepositions are used correctly.

325. Agree with, in, to, on, upon, or among. Persons agree with each other in matters of opinion, and one story or report agrees with another. We agree to proposals made by others, and thus form contracts. Persons agree on

or upon a matter, and several persons may agree among themselves.

Allied to, with. The lesser is allied to the greater, or one thing is allied ('related') to another by a similarity or resemblance. Two equals are allied ('connected') with each other. [See Connect.]

Alter from [not to, except the infinitive ].

Ambitious of, or after. Amuse with, at, or in.

Angry with persons; at things.

Apply to, at, for; application by, through. We apply to a person; at [ not to] a place; for help or information. We apply in person, or make the application by letter or through another persou.

Appropriate to [not for].

Arrive at, in, from. A man arrives in this country from London and the ship in which he comes arrives at New York, at such a time. A person arrives at the Union Station in Chicago. [See Meet.]

Ask something of; for, a thing; after someone or something we wish to hear about.

Astonished at, by [ not with ]. Averse to-infinitive-[ not from].

Attend-ed by, with, to, on, or upon. One person is attended by another. An undertaking is attended with many difficulties. A servant attends to his duties by attending on or upon his master.

Banish from society; out of a country.

Believe in, on. "To believe in is to hold as an object of faith. To believe on is to rest upon with full confidence."-Campbell. [See John XIV: 1; Acts XIV: 23.] Bump against [ not on ]. One should say, "I bumped my head against the post," not on the post.

Up

Burn-ed [up or down] into. We may say that the house burnt up,' or 'burnt down,' but in this sense the words 'up' and 'down' are adverbs. and down are intensive in the sense of wholly-completely."-Campbell. The letters were burned into the wood.

Capacity for, of. We say of a person that he has a capacity for learning; but of a vessel that it has a capacity of so much, according to some unit of measurement, usually a ton.

Call at, on, in, after. We call at a house to see a friend, and then we say that we have called on [not upon] him. We call a thing in question, and we call ('name') a child after some person.

Careful of, in, about. We should be careful of that which is left in our charge, and careful in or about our words and deeds.

Charge for, with, to, in, upon. A merchant charges you for goods you buy. If on credit, he may afterwards tell you that you are charged with a certain amount, or that certain items were charged to you in your account. The enemy charged upon us.