LESSON 6.

Review briefly the seven parts of speech.

31. We have learned that there are seven different ways in which words may be used in sentences to express our thoughts. There are a few words that are sometimes used along with sentences to make exclamations, or express some strong feeling. They are such as, O! oh! ah! pshaw! hello! hurrah! halleluiah! and are called interjections. Since these words express feelings and not ideas, they do not add anything to the thought of the sentence with which they are used, therefore, they are not properly "parts of speech." They might be compared to the boys that sit on the fence and yell while the men are, playing ball. These boys do not take part in the game. They simply give expression to their feelings. (340.)

Note.-Besides the interjections, there are but few words in our language that are ever used in such a way that we cannot name them as belonging to one of the seven parts of speech. The principal ones are yes and no, used in answering questions; it and there, when used as indefinite subjects of sentences; and so, well, now, why, and that, when used merely to introduce sentences.

Examples: Did he go? No. Are you busy? Yes. There are exceptions to all rules. Well, it is finished. So, you are going, are you? It is true that I am going. Why, I am surprised. Now, it happened in this way.

32. The base-ball player does not always take the same part. For instance, the "short-stop" for a base-ball team in one game may be the "catcher" in the next game; yet he will be the same person. So it is with most of the words we use. They do not always belong to the same part-of-speech, because they do not always do the same thing in the sentences. To illustrate this, take the following sentences:

Singing was taught. They are singing. The singing bird delighted us. Here the word 'singing' does three different things. In the first sentence, it appears as the name of an action, therefore it is

a noun; in the second, it is one of the asserting words, therefore it is a verb; while in the third, it describes or qualifies the noun 'bird,' therefore it is an adjective. So you see we cannot name a word (tell what part-of-speech it belongs to) until we find out what it does in the sentence.

33. The work of finding out what a word does and then naming it, is called PARSING. There are two steps in parsing : 1. Pointing out the subject and predicate, and the words and phrases that modify them. 2. Naming the part-of-speech to which each word belongs. The first step is usually called analysis.

34. Elements.-To analyze anything is 'to unloose' or 'separate it into its parts;' and we speak of 'analyzing' a sentence when we pick out the subject and predicate and other parts, because we do, in a sense, 'unloose' or 'separate' them from one another. These parts of a sentence are called its ELEMENTS.

(a) An element of a sentence may consist of a word, a phrase, or a clause. So far, our phrases have been either verb-phrases, adjectival phrases, or adverbial phrases; but, as we shall see farther on, phrases of one kind or another may be used as any part of a sentence.

35. Principal Elements.-In our first lesson we found that each sentence must contain at least two elements, a subject and a predicate. (3.) Since no sentence can be formed without these two, and since they can express a thought without the help of other elements, the subject and predicate are called PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS. (Principal means 'highest in rank or importance.')

36. Sentences containing only principal elements, to be analyzed and parsed:

Example of Analysis and Parsing: Snow melts. Snow is the subject of this sentence, and melts is the predicate. Snow is the name of something, therefore it is a noun. Melts is an asserting word, therefore it is a verb.

Winds blow.
Men trade.

Women sew.

Railroads are built.

Lawyers plead.
Water freezes.
She cried.

He was arrested.

Flowers bloom.

Merchants fail.

Children play.

Letters were written.

37. Subordinate Elements.-We have seen that other parts may be added to the subject and predicate to bring in other ideas. Thus, we may say—

'The snow on the mountain melts slowly.'

Here the subject 'snow' is modified by the adjective 'the' and the phrase 'on the mountain;' while the predicate 'melts' is modified by the adverb 'slowly.' Snow is the bare subject, and The snow on the mountains is the complete subject. 'Melts' is the bare predicate, while melts slowly is the complete predicate. (a) The bare subject is the subject without its modifiers.

The complete subject is the bare subject with all its modifiers.

(b) The bare predicate is the predicate without its modifiers.

The complete predicate is the bare predicate with all its modifiers. Remarks. The bare subject and bare predicate are also called the unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. (341.)

The complete subject and complete predicate are also called the modified subject and modified predicate.

(c) All the words and phrases added to the bare subject and bare predicate to form the complete subject and complete predicate are called SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS. (Subordinate means 'lower in rank or importance.')

There are four subordinate elements; namely, adjectival, adverbial, objective, and connecting.

38. An adjectival element modifies a noun or pronoun.

39. An adverbial element modifies any other part-of-speech except nouns and pronouns. (336 b.)

Remark.-Adjectival and abverbial elements, when they are single words, are generally adjectives and adverbs; but we shall see farther on that nouns and pronouns are sometimes used for these elements.

40. Sentences containing adjectival and adverbial elements, to be analyzed and parsed:

MODEL: The whole train was badly wrecked. Train is the bare subject, and was wrecked is the bare predicate. The complete subject is The whole

it is a noun.

train; the complete predicate, was badly wrecked. Train is a name, therefore Was wrecked makes the assertion, therefore it is a verb-phrase. The and whole limit the noun 'train,' therefore they are adjectives. Badly modifies the verb-phrase 'was wrecked,' therefore it is an adverb.

(a) Cold winds blow.
The little birds sing.
The pretty flowers bloom.
Business men trade.
The ship was staunch.
The winter is mild.

The little children are happy.
Stale food is unwholesome.
Long letters were written.
They should be made solid.
The boy has been absent.
The weather had been hot.

Those papers will be valuable.

(b) Those men talk loudly.
The clerk was very angry.
Such sights are rarely seen.
The note is now due.

They seldom make a mistake.
We were greatly disappointed.
The market is extremely dull.
The water is not pure.
That man always pays promptly.
That lady is very graceful.

The streets were nearly blockaded.
The bargain has just been completed.
She has always been cheerful.

Notice that a verb-phrase, as well as a single copula verb, may be followed by an adjective.

41. Sentences containing adjectival and abverbial phraseelements, to be analyzed and parsed:

MODEL: A gentle breeze was blowing from the south. Bare subject, breeze; bare predicate, was blowing; complete subject, a gentle breeze; complete predicate, was blowing from the south. From the south is an adverbial phrase modifying 'was blowing.' A and gentle are adjectives modifying the noun 'breeze.' Was blowing is a verb-phrase. From is a preposition introducing the phrase 'from the south.' The is an adjective limiting the noun 'south.'

1. The flowers in the garden are blooming. 2. The papers are delivered in the evening. 3. The bushes along the bank are green. 4. Merchants advertise in newspapers. 5. The pebbles in the brook were very smooth. 6. The money was deposited in the bank. 7. The flowers in the woods are fragrant. 8. We walked slowly across the fields. 9. The house by the river was swept away by the flood. 10. Farmers work hard during the summer. II. The dew on the grass sparkled in the sunlight. 12. The man with one arm was drowned. 13. Too many men are guilty of embezzlement. 14. Letters of recommendation will be helpful to you. 15. A large number of boys were present on time 16. Snow remains on some high mountains throughout the summer. history of words is an interesting study. 18. Regular hours of sleep are necessary to health.

17. The

(a) Adjectival phrases are sometimes used as a part of the predicate after a copula verb; as—

John is of a quiet disposition.

In this sentence, of a quiet disposition describes John as truly as the adjective quiet' does in 'John is always quiet.' Therefore of a quiet disposition is a predicate-adjectival-phrase. (16 ỏ and 342. )

(b) Sometimes the copula verb is followed by a phrase that does not describe the subject, but tells where the person or thing is, was, or will be; as

He is in Europe. The key was under the mat. I shall be at home. When the phrase thus answers the question where? the copula verb forms the predicate by itself and the phrase is an adverbial one.

19. That man is in earnest. 20. The boys were in fun. 21. The pigs are in the clover. 22. The cow is in the corn. 23. I am in doubt about it. 24. The machine is of little use. 25. The top was of brass. 26. They are by themselves. 27. The bees are on the wing. 28. It will be in a bad condition. 29. We were under shelter. 30. We shall be under obligations to you. 31. The cottage is in the shade of a large oak.

(c) Adverbial phrases often come at the first of the sentence. [See rule for punctuating such sentences, 304.]

32. In some countries, salt is very valuable. 33. In the meantime, the old homestead had been sold to a wealthy planter. 34. In that way, the whole fortune was spent. 35. By this time, we could see quite clearly. 36. For a few minutes, he was dazed by the news. 37. Near the lake, a beautiful mansion had been built.

LESSON 7.

12. Objective Elements.-In the sentence

The lightning struck the tall tree in the park,

tree names the object that was struck. And in the sentenceThe little child overturned the kettle of boiling water,

kettle names the object, or thing that the child turned over,