was we.

It was he. It was she. It was they. It was who? 5. Who is it? Answer: It is I, we, he, she, or they. 6. Who was it? Answer: It was I, we, he, she, or they. 7. He being rich, they feared to offend him. 8. The laboring people,-they who are the bone and sinew of the nation, have a right to expect this of you. [Commit to memory examples 3, 4, 5, and 6. ]

Correct the errors in the following: [Two are correct. ]

1. Her and you missed it by not coming. 2. Him and me and you have been chosen. 3. Us four were there on time. 4. You and them should come to an understanding. 5. I think it is her. 6. I am not sure about its having been her. 7. It was me. 8. They supposed it was us. 9. Its being them does not alter the case much. Io. We knew it was they.

Note 1.-Errors in the pronoun form frequently occur in answering the question who? with a single word; as, Who is it? Answer: "Me." ("It is me.") Incorrect; the answer should be "I." ("It is I.”)

Note 2. But this error is most likely to occur after the conjunctions as, than, and but, introducing clauses, the predicates of which are omitted; as, "Few persons are as prompt as him." Incorrect, since the meaning is, "Few persons are as prompt as he [is].

II. I never saw a kinder woman than her. 12. You were more fortunate than him and me. 13. No one saw it but him. 14. You cannot write so rapidly as her. 15. We are stronger than them. 16. I am older than him. 17. They are richer than us, but we are just as happy as them. [See 237 b.] 18. You are taller than her. 19. I can walk as fast as him. 20. Them being absent, we could not transact the business. 21. We being present, they said but little. 22. Him having resigned, there was a vacancy to be filled. 23. Do you think anyone would do more for you than I?-me who have always been your friend?

235. Fact 2. Me, him, her, them, us, and whom, are object forms. They are used: 1. As objects of verbs and prepositions; 2. Sometimes in apposition with another object. [See 144.]

Examples: 1. I met him and her. 2. You wrote to me about them. 3. To whom shall we go? 4. How can I forsake my father?-him who has done so much for me?

Correct the errors in the following: [Two are correct.]

1. He sent his regards to you and she. 2. To who did you go for your information? 3. Between you and I, it was him who did it. 4. Did they leave a message for he and I? 5. He invited John and I to dinner. 6. They charged she and her sister full fare. 7. For who did you ask? 8. Who did you see? 9. With who did you sit? 10. To who did you write?

II. Do come to see us.

236. Fact 3.

Fact 3. A pronoun limiting a participle takes the possessive form. (231.)

His being sick pre

Examples: Their thinking so does not make it so. vented my coming. Your going there at that time was unwise.

Correct the errors in the following: [Two are correct.]

1. Us staying away was a mistake. 2. They expecting that of us was absurd. 3. His being rich does not make him happy. 4. I have never known of him being absent. 5. Did he tell you about me having an interest in it? 6. The judge insisted on them answering the question. 7. Her signing the paper settled the whole matter. 8. You asking the question set him to thinking.

237. Fact 4. The form of a pronoun in apposition depends upon whether it stands in apposition with a subject or an object. [For examples of correct usage, see Fact 1, example 8, and Fact 2, example 4.] (a) The form of a pronoun after the comparatives as, and than, depends upon whether it is compared with a subject or an object.

Examples: I am not so tall as he [is]. I admire it as much as he [does]. I admire it as much as [ I admire] him. I care more for you than he [cares for you]. I care more for you than [I care for ] him.

(b) The form of a pronoun after but depends upon whether the exception is asserted of a subject or an object. [See 376.]

Examples: No one else cared for me but he-[cared for me]. He cared for no one but me- -[but he cared for me].

Correct the following:

I. The teacher gave we boys a half holiday. 2. Us girls are studying shorthand and typewriting. 3. I have great respect for a morally brave man, he who dares to do right under all circumstances. 4. Will you reject Christ ?—He who died for you? 5. Can you not trust me?—I who have always befriended you?

Explain how the following may be either correct or incorrect: 6. I do not enjoy fishing as well as him. 7. The changes in the weather always affect you more than I. 8. Who does more for him than us? 9. You knew more about it than him. 10. You care more for that than me. JI. I like you as well as them. 12. He annoyed me more than her. 13. They have more confidence in you than me.

238. Fact 5. The number of a pronoun should agree with the number of its antecedent.

Examples: Each man gave attention to his own duties. The travelers fully realized their peril.

Remarks.-Violations of this fact occur in the following ways:

I. When the pronoun refers to one of the indefinite pronouns, each, either, or neither (92), or when the antecedent is limited by one of these words; as, "Each man was given their pay." Say 'his pay.' "Neither of them saved their money,❞—' his (or her) money.' “Each one in favor of the motion may signify it by raising their right hand,”—' his right hand.' [See 378.]

6

2. When there is a compound antecedent introduced by neither, and connected by nor; or introduced by either and connected by or; as, "Neither James nor John wasted their time." Say 'his time.' "Either James or John was dissatisfied with their teacher," his teacher.'

3. When the antecedent is one of the members of a compound element (usually the subject), but emphatically distinguished by not; as, "The man and not the boy offered their assistance," his assistance.'

4. When the antecedent is a collective noun used in a singular sense (79 d); as, "The firm was ready to move into their new store." Say 'its new store.'

Correct the errors in the following: [Two are correct. ]

1. Each one of them expressed their opinion. 2. Each must answer for themselves. 3. Each man undertook to defend themselves. 4. Neither boy treated their parents with respect. 5. Either Jane or Mary had lost their hat. 6. Not one of them saw his mistake. 7. The girl and not her mother broke their arm. 8. Each of them in their turn receive the benefits to which they are entitled. 9. Each of the boys cheerfully do their part of the work. 10. Neither man is willing to apologize to the other for their unkindness. II. Each of the clerks look after their employer's interests so they may secure promotion. 12. One or the other were wrong in their view of it. 13. Every one should give their name and address each time they write. 14. Neither of them needs his money. 15. The society has just published their annual report.

MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS.

239. 1. The use of a pronoun and its antecedent as the subject of the same sentence; as, 'George he promised to come with me.” Omit he.

2. The use of hern, ourn, yourn, and hisn, for her own, or hers, our own, or ours, etc.; also the use of hisself for himself; as, "The fault was hern not mine." "He hurt hisself badly." Say "The fault was hers (or 'her own'). 'He hurt himself badly.'

3. Using the sign of possession with the possessive form of pronouns; as, her's, our's, their's, your's, it's. Leave the apostrophe out.

4. Using the pronoun them for the adjective those; as, "Did you ask for them books?" "Them boys are happy." Say 'those books;' 'those boys.'

5. Using it's for 'tis; as, “It's only a question of time." "It's useless to argue with him." Say "Tis only a question of time.' 'Tis useless to argue

with him.'

6. Using who to relate to animals or inanimate objects; as, "The dog who met us at the gate looked ferocious." Say 'that' or 'which met us at the gate.' [See 85, Remark, and 347 b and c.]

7. Each other, One another.-Each other applies to but two; one another applies to a larger number. "The two are closely related to one another." Say 'to each other.' "The seven differed from each other." Say 'one another.'

8. Something for somewhat.-Using the pronoun 'something' for the adverb 'somewhat;' as, They look something alike.” Say 'somewhat alike.'

9. Myself. This pronoun may be used as a reflexive object (2186) or in apposition for the sake of emphasis; but otherwise, not as the subject or the direct object of a verb. Hence, "They invited John and myself," "Mrs. A. and nyself," is incorrect. Use me or I instead of myself.

10. Somebody else's, Anyone else's.-These and similar expressions are now regarded as having a unitary meaning, as if one word, and properly take the sign of the possessive case at the end of the phrase: as, "This is somebody else's hat," "Nobody else's children act so."

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

[Four are correct.]

240. I. No one else was hurt but he. 2. Nobody came but them. 3. Some one else's voice was heard. 4. Nobody's else would do. 5. My wife and myself shall be glad to see you. 6. There aint any use in trying to please him. 7. I haint heard from him for a long time. 8. It's difficult to hear it's voice. 9. If you find a noun or pronoun you must parse them. 10. The horse who refused to go knew more than him. II. They are all here but her. 12. If any one doubts my word let them say so. 13. To who did you lend my knife? 14. There are people whom might be trusted. 15. Who did you write to? 16. Are you older than him? 17. That's her. 18. I told you it was them. 19. The majority was disposed to adopt the measure which they at first opposed. 20. They were all frightened but I. 21. Charles he knew that his father objected to him going. 22. Did you hear about me being sick? 23. We regret our not being able to accommodate you. 24. Where did you get them apples? 25. That is something like a story I heard yesterday.

FACTS ABOUT ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

Remark.—The two modifying parts of speech, adjectives and adverbs, are so similar in many respects that the facts concerning them and the errors in their use can be treated side by side better than separately.

241. Fact 1. Position and Order of Adjectives.-Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns they qualify though they sometimes follow them. They should not be unnecessarily separated from their nouns. (52 a.)

Note 1.-When two or more adjectives are used to qualify a noun, the one most closely connected with the object described is placed next the noun, and the others are arranged in like order,―the one least connected with it being placed farthest from the noun. If the adjectives follow instead of precede the noun, this order is reversed. When there is no difference in the rank or importance of the adjectives, they should be placed in the order that will sound best, the longest usually nearest the nouns they limit.

Examples: The frail little craft bounded over the clear blue waves. The dew drops on the sweet-scented clover sparkle in the morning sunlight. A dilapidated wooden building was all that remained. The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket.

"Full many a gem of purest ray serene,

The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear."

Note 2.-The words first and last, when used with numeral adjectives to limit nouns, are placed before the numeral; as-The first ten pages; the last two hours; the first two houses.

Correct the following:

1. A young, wide-awake, industrious man is wanted. 2. A large, brick, new house has been built there. 3. The golden, beautiful sunset delighted us. 4. A banquet, silver, handsome lamp was presented. 5. You may have the two first trees in each of the three first rows. 6. He bought a gold, large, pen. 7. The decrepit, old, poor man needs help. 8. Mr. A. drives a bay, fine horse. Remark.-Probably the most common error in the position of adjectives consists in placing descriptive adjectives so that they qualify the amount or quantity of a thing mentioned instead of describing the thing itself; thus

A new box of books; a hot pail of water; a ripe basket of fruit; a new load of hay; an old barrel of clothes; a new stock of goods; the cold cup of water; a green load of wood; a fresh bunch of flowers; a new pair of shoes.

242. Fact 2. Position of Adverbs.—Adverbs are generally placed before adjectives or adverbs, after a single verb, or after the first word in a verb-phrase. (52 b, c.)

Example: He is very attentive, behaves quite well, and is highly esteemed.