cert with our Governour about the settling of a cartel for the exchange of prisoners; and that the Governour* of Canada has never since sent down an army upon our frontiers, (that I know of) except sometimes a scout of Indians to take some prisoners, that he might be informed of our state, and what we were acting, &c. And always took care that the prisoners so taken, should be civilly treated, and safely returned, as I have been informed. [Also,] that some of the prisoners that were taken gave an account [to this effect;] so that we have great cause to believe, that the message [which] Colonel Church sent by the two French gentlemen from Menis, to the Governour of Portroyal, took effect, and was a means to bring peace in our borders, &c.

Then Colonel Church with his forces embarked on board the transports, and went to Casco bay, where they met with Captain Gallop, in a vessel from Boston, who had brought Colonel Church further orders; which were, to send some of his forces up to Norrigwock, in pursuit of the enemy. But he being sensible that the enemy were gone from thence, and that his soldiers were much worn out, and fatigued in the hard service they had already done, and wanted to get home, [he] called a council, and agreed, all to go home; which, accordingly they did."

To conclude this expedition, I will just give a hint of some treatment,† [which] Colonel Church had bewho was formerly taken at Wells and carried to Canada, was from thence sent to concert the exchange of prisoners." He gave information that there were about 187 English prisoners with the French and Indians. Upon the advice hereof," the persons mentioned by Hutchinson, were sent to Canada, and succeeded in rescuing about 60 captives. The French Governour was kept in suspense by the management of Governour Dudley. He wished for a neutrality, and during the time, the frontiers enjoyed peace and tranquillity. Hutchinson, ib.

* Vaudreuil.

It appears that Church was censured wrongfully, and for some time, bore the faults, due only to others. For it

fore and after he came home. For all his great expenses, fatigues and hardships, in and about this expedition, viz., he received of his excellency fifteen wounds, as an earnest penny, towards raising volunteers. And after he came to receive his debenture for his Colonel's pay, there were two shillings and four pence due to him. And as for his Captain's pay* and man Jack; he has never received any thing as yet.

Also, after he came home, some ill minded persons did their endeavour to have taken away his life; for there were some of the French enemy killed,† [in] this expedition. But his excellency the Gov ernour, the honourable council, and the house of representatives, saw cause to clear him, and gave him hanks for his good service done.‡

was generally thought by the people, that Col. Church went n this expedition, for the express purpose of reducing Portroyal, as it was, by the government, styled the "Portroyal expedition," or, as entered on the council books" an expedition to Portroyal," not knowing that he was strictly ordered to he contrary; therefore, we are not surprised that he should be blamed, until the truth should be known. The Governour was accused of preserving that place to benefit himself by an illegal trade with the inhabitants. However this may be, he excused himself by saying, that he had no orders from the Queen to go against it; and that her Majesty was to send over in the spring, a force expressly for that purpose, as has been previously stated in this history.

* It will be recollected that he was commissioned Colonel and Captain at the same time, and in the same warrant.

† See page 265. Some of the enemy that would not surrender.

Thus ends the military achievements of the justly celebrated BENJAMIN CHURch. [The reader is requested to correct an errour in Dr. Douglass' History, I, 557, 8, where he observes, that Col. Church made an expedition in 1707-8; it was Col. March.]

I.

APPENDIX.

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE EARLY VOYAGES TO, AND
SETTLEMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA, AND THE

TREATMENT OF THE INDIANS BY

THOSE VOYAGERS.

As early as 1508, the natives of North America began to be carried away by voyagers, sometimes by force, and sometimes by flattery. At this early period, one Aubert, a Frenchman, sailed up the river St. Lawrence, and on his return to France, conveyed off a number of the natives.* In 1585, a colony was sent out from England, under the direction of Sir Walter Ralegh, and was settled at Roanoke. This was the first English colony planted in America.† Through their misconduct to the natives, and to one another, they found themselves in a miserable còndition before the end of a year. Sir Francis Drake returning that way from a cruise against the Spaniards, gave them a passage to England in his fleet. Just before the arrival of Drake, a chief, and many of his men were killed, and afterwards an Indian town was burned, by order of Sir Richard Grenville, who brought supplies to the colonists.

In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold sailed from England, and was the first Englishman that came in a direct course to this part of America. He fell in with the coast near Cape Cod, which he discovered. Being met near the shore, by the natives in their ca* American Annals, I, 37. † Ib. I, 119. Belknap, Biog. I, 231.

noes, was kindly treated by them, and they helped him load his vessels.*

The next year, Martin Pring arrived on the coast, and collected a cargo of Sassafras.† The Indians appeared hostile to this company, and caused them to leave the coast, sooner than they would otherwise have done. But this was not without a cause. A canoe had been stolen from them, and they were sported with by the sailors, who, to get rid of them, when they had amused themselves sufficiently, would set their dogs to chase them away.

In 1605, Captain George Weymouth carried off five of the natives from the coast of Newengland, against their consent; one of whom was a chief.

In 1607, the first permanent colony of Virginia arrived in the Chesapeak, the twentysixth of April, and the thirteenth of May, they took a position for a town; which, soon after, in honour of King James, was named James Town. They were annoyed by the Indians at first, and one person was killed. peace was concluded in June following, but it was of short duration. An attempt, also, to settle a colony on Kennebeck river was made this year, but was relinquished the next.

A

In 1614, Captain John Smith made a profitable voyage to Newengland, and made an accurate survey of its coast. The Newengland Indians, in this voyage, were justly incensed against the English, to a great degree. When Smith went for England, he left one Hunt to complete his cargo of fish. This perfidious man enticed twentyfour Indians on board his vessel, put them in confinement, and sold them at Malaga, to the Spaniards, for slaves. In the course of the year, another vessel came on the coast to trade with two of those taken off by Hunt, to assist in the

* Sassafras and furs were then the articles of exportation." † See Belknap's life of Pring. Sassafras was collected about the islands. Pring found it on what is now Edgar

town.

See page 171 and note 5.

business. It was now designed to settle a trading house, but the Indians soon discouraged them in the attempt. One of the prisoners had died, and the other was not permitted to go on shore. But some approached the ship under pretence of trade, and he jumped overboard. His friends in the canoes discharged their arrows so thick at the same time, that in defiance of the English guns, they got him on board, and paddled off. A number of the English were badly wounded, and some of the Indians killed. The English were discouraged, and sailed for England.* Two other natives, carried away by Hunt, found means, in time, to get back to Newengland, and in some measure, allayed the vengeance of their countrymen; by assuring them that the English, in general, were highly displeased at the conduct of Captain Hunt.+

These, and many other insults on the Indians though small, in comparison with those suffered b their race in South America, were more than enough to cause them to entertain fearful apprehensions of every stranger.

Before 1619, perhaps it would have been altogether impracticable to have attempted a settlemen* in Newengland, previous to this time! The natives before which, were extremely numerous and warlike; but this year, a mortal sickness prevailed among them, that almost entirely desolated the country; insomuch, that the living could not bury the dead. For when the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, the ground was strewed with human bones. The extent of this pestilence was from Penobscot to Narraganset.§

* American Annals, I, 184, 185. + Hist. N. H. I, 10, 11. It is not certain that this plague happened in 1619, though from Johnson and others cited by Holmes. (I, 207, 208,) it appears probable. Morton, 25, says that it was two or three years before the settlement of Plymouth. Prince Chron. 119, thinks this plague raged as early as 1616 or 1 Prince, Chron. 198, and Belknap, Biog. I, 356.

N

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