opalescence of great beauty; but among the Tinamous (Tinamide) colour is invariably present and their opaque eggs present the appearance of more or less globular balls of highly-burnished metal or glazed porcelain. Most birds lay eggs with a smooth shell, such as nearly all the Gavia, Limicola, and Passeres, and in some groups, as with the normal Gallina, this seems to be enamelled or much polished, but it is still very different from the brilliant surface of those just mentioned, and nothing like a definite line can be drawn between their structure and that in which the substance is dull and uniform, as among the Alcide and the Accipitres. In many of the Ratita the surface is granulated and pitted in an extraordinary manner,' and in a less degree the same feature is observable in the eggs of some other birds, as the Storks (Ciconiida). Many Water-fowls, and particularly the Ducks (Anatida), lay eggs with a greasy or oleaginous exterior, as the collector who wishes to inscribe his specimens with marks of their identity often finds to his inconvenience; but there are other eggs, as those of the Anis (Crotophaga), the Grebes (Podicipedidae), and all of the Steganopodes, except Phaeton, which are more or less covered with a cretaceous film, often of considerable thickness and varied by calcareous protuberances.

In form eggs vary very much, and this is sometimes observable in examples not only of the same species but even from the same mother, yet a certain amount of resemblance is usually to be traced according to the natural group to which the parents belong. Those of the Owls (Strigida) and of some of the Picaria especially those which lay the glossy eggs above spoken of-are often apparently spherical, though it is probable that if tested mathematically none would be found truly so-indeed it may be asserted that few eggs are strictly symmetrical, however nearly they may seem so, one side bulging out, though very slightly, more than the other. The really oval form, with which we are most familiar, needs no remark, but this is capable of infinite variety caused by the relative position and proportion of the major and minor axes. In nearly all the Limicola and some of the Alcide the egg attenuates very rapidly towards the smaller end, sometimes in a slightly convex curve, sometimes without perceptible curvature, and occasionally in a sensibly concave curve. having this pyriform shape are mostly those of birds which invariably lay four in a nest, and therein they lie with their points almost meeting in the centre and thus occupying as little space as possible and more easily covered by the brooding parent. Other eggs as those of the Sand-Grouse (Pterocleida) are elongated and almost cylindrical for a considerable part of their length terminating at each end obtusely, while eggs of the Grebes (Podicipedidae) which also have both ends nearly alike but pointed, are so wide in the middle as to present a biconical appearance.2

The eggs

The size of eggs is generally but not at all constantly in proportion to that of the parent. The Guillemot (Alca troile) and the Raven (Corvus corax) are themselves of about equal size; their eggs vary as ten to one. The Snipe (Scolopax gallinago) and the Blackbird (Turdus merula) differ but slightly in weight, their eggs remarkably. The eggs of the Guillemot are as big as those of an Eagle; and those of the Snipe equal in size the eggs of a Partridge (Perdix cinerea). Mr Hewitson, from whom these instances

1 It is curious that Ostriches' eggs from North Africa are to be readily distinguished from those from the Cape of Good Hope by their smooth ivory-like surface, without any punctures, whereas southern specimens are rough as though pock-marked (Ibis, 1860, p. 74), yet no difference that can be deemed specific has as yet been established between the birds of the north and of the south.

A great deal of valuable information on this and other kindred subjects is given by Des Murs, Traité général d'Oologic ornithologique (8vo, Paris: 1860).

are taken, remarks:-"The reason of this great disparity is, however, obvious; the eggs of all those birds which quit the nest soon after they are hatched, and which are consequently more fully developed at their birth, are very large." It must be added, though, that the number of eggs to be covered at one time seems also to have some relation to their size, and this offers a further explanation of the fact just mentioned with regard to the Snipe and the Partridge -the former being one of those birds which are constant in producing four, and the latter often laying as many as a dozen-for the chicks of each run as soon as they release themselves from the shell.

Incubation is performed, as is well known, by the female of nearly all Birds, but with most of the Passeres and many others the male seems to share her tedions duties, and among the Ratite, apparently without exception, the cock takes that office wholly on himself. There are a few groups or perhaps species in which the same practice is suspected to obtain certain of the Limicolæ for instance, the Godwits (Limosa), the Phalaropes (Phalaropus), and the Dotterel (Eudromias morinellus)-and in these it is to be remarked that the hen is larger and more brightly coloured than her mate. Owing to the unfortunate neglect of those who have the opportunity of making the needful observations the period of Incubation has been ascertained in comparatively few birds, and it is here possible to deal with that subject only in the most vague and general language. It may be asserted that most of the smaller Passeres of Europe hatch their young in about thirteen days, but in a few species the term is believed to be shortened to ten or eleven days, while in the largest of that Order, the Raven, it is lengthened to some twenty-one days. This also is the period which the Barndoor-fowl ordinarily takes, but the Pheasant, though so very nearly allied, takes about twentyeight. Most Water-birds, so far as is known, and the smaller Birds-of-prey seem to require as long a time, but in the Swan incubation is protracted to six weeks. The temperature of the air is commonly credited with having something to do either in hastening or retarding. exclusion from the egg, but to what extent, or even whether justly so or not, seems in the absence of precise experiments to be doubtful. Certain birds occasionally begin brooding as soon as the first egg is laid, and this plan unquestionably has its advantages, since the offspring being of different ages thereby become less of a burthen on the parents which have to minister to their wants, while the fostering warmth of the earlier chicks can hardly fail to aid the development of those which are unhatched, during the absence of father and mother in search of food; but most birds, and it need scarcely be said, all those the young of which run from their birth, await the completion of the clutch before sitting is begun. The care bestowed, by almost every species, on the infant-brood, is proverbial, and there is hardly any extremity of danger which one at least of the anxious parents will not incur to ward off injury from their progeny.

captivity having arrested the natural secretions. In like manner over excitement or debility of the organs, the consequence of ill health, give rise to much and often very curious abnormality. It is commonly believed that the older a bird is the more intensely coloured will be its eggs, and to some extent this belief appears to be true. Certain Falconida, which ordinarily lay very brilliantly-tinted eggs, and are therefore good tests, seem when young unable to secrete so much colouring-matter as they do when older, and season after season the dyes become deeper, but there is reason to think that when the bird has attained its full vigour improvement stops, and a few years later the intensity of hue begins to decline. It would be well if we had more evidence, however, in support of this opinion, which is chiefly based on a series of eggs of one species the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus), in the writer's possession, among which are some believed on good grounds to have been the produce in the course of about twelve years of one and the same female. The amount of colouring-matter secreted and deposited seems notwithstanding to be generally a pretty constant quantity-allowance being made for individual constitution; but it often happens especially in birds that lay only two eggs-that nearly all the dye will be deposited on one of these, leaving the other colourless; it seems, however, to be a matter of inconstancy which of the two is first developed. Thus of two pairs of Golden Eagles' eggs also in the possession of the writer, one specimen of each pair is nearly white while the other is deeply coloured, and it is known that in one case the white egg was laid first and in the other the coloured one. When birds lay many mottled, and a fortiori plain, eggs, there is generally less difference in their colouring, and though no two can hardly ever be said to be really alike, yet the family resemblance between them all is obvious to the practised eye. It would seem however to be a peculiarity with some species and the Tree-Sparrow (Passer montanus) which lays five or six eggs may be taken as a striking examplethat one egg should always differ remarkably from the rest of the clutch. In addition to what has been said above as to the deposition of colour in circular spots indicating a pause in the progress of the egg through one part of the oviduct, it may be observed that the cessation of motion at that time is equally shewn by the clearly defined hair-lines or vermiculations seen in many eggs, and in-none more commonly met with than in those of the Buntings (Emberizida). Such markings must not only have been deposited while the egg was at rest, but it must have remained motionless until the pigment was completely set, or blurred instead of sharp edges would have been the result.1

The composition of this pigment has long excited much curiosity, and it has been commonly and rather crudely ascribed to secretions of the blood or bile, but very recently unexpected light has been shed upon the subject by the researches of Mr Sorby (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 351), who, using the method of spectrum-analysis, has now ascertained the existence of seven well-marked substances in the colouring-matter of eggs, to the admixture of which in certain proportions all their tints are due. These he names

1 The principal oological works with coloured figures are the following:-Thienemann, Fortpflanzungsgeschichte der gesammten Vögel (4to, Leipzig: 1845); Lefèvre, Atlas des œufs des oiseaux d'Europe (8vo, Paris: 1845); Hewitson, Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds (8vo, Ed. 3, London: 1856); Brewer, North American Oology (4to, Washington: 1859); Taczanowski, Oologia Ptaków Polskich (8vo, Warszawa: 1862); Bädeker, Die Eier der Europäischen Vögel (fol. Leipzig: 1863); Wolley, Ootheca Wolleyana (8vo, London: 1864)—some of which have never been completed; but a great number of rare eggs are also figured in various journals, as the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Naumannia, the Journal für Ornithologie, and The Ibis.

Cf. Wilke Naumannia, 1858, pp. 393-397, and C. Leconte, Revue Magasin de Zoologie, 1860, pp. 199-205,

Oorhodeine, Oocyan, Banded Oocyan, Yellow Ooxanthine, Rufous Ooxanthine, a substance, giving narrow absorptionbands in the red, the true colour of which he has not yet been able to decide, and lastly Lichenoxanthine. It would be out of place here to particularize their chemical properties, and it is enough to say that they are closely connected either with hæmoglobin or bile-pigments, and in many respects resemble the latter more than do any other group of colouring-matters, but do not actually agree with them. The first is perhaps the most important of all the seven, because it occurs more or less in the shells of so great a number of eggs that its entire absence is exceptional, and it is of a very permanent character, its general colour being of a peculiar brown-red. The second and third seem when pure to be of a very fine blue, but the spectrum of the former shows no detached bands, while that of the latter has a well-marked detached absorbent-band near the red end, though the two are closely related since they yield the same product when oxidized. The fourth and fifth substances supply a bright yellow or reddish-yellow hue, and the former is particularly characteristic of eggs of the Emeus (Dromaus), giving rise when mixed with oocyan to the fine malachite-green which they possess, while the latter has only been met with in those of the Tinamous (Tinamida), in which it should be mentioned that oorhodeine has not been found, or perhaps in those of a Cassowary (Casuarius), and when mixed with oocyan produces a peculiar lead-colour. The sixth substance, as before stated, has not yet been sufficiently determined, but it would seem in combination with others to give them an abnormally browner tint; and the seventh appears to be identical with one which occurs in greater or less amount in almost all classes of plants, but is more especially abundant in and characteristic of lichens and fungi. There is a possibility however of this last being in part if not wholly due to the growth of minute fungi, though Mr Sorby believes that some such substance really is a normal constituent of the shell of eggs having a peculiar brick-red colour. That gentleman is further inclined to think that oorhodeine is in some way or other closely related to cruentine, being probably derived from the red colouring-matter of the blood by some unknown process of secretion, and likewise that there is some chemical relation between the oocyans and the bile.

The grain of the egg-shell offers characters that deserve far more consideration than they have received until lately, when the attention of Herr von Nathusius having been directed to the subject by some investigations carried on by Dr Landois3 and Herr Rudolf Blasius, he has brought out a series of remarkable papers in which he has arrived at the conclusion that a well-defined type of shell-structure belongs to certain families of birds, and is easily recognized under the microscope. In some cases, as in the eggs of certain Swans and Geese (Cygnus olor and C. musicus, Anser cinereus and A. segetum) even specific differences are apparent. The bearing of these researches on classifics. tion generally is of considerable importance and must be taken into account by all future taxonomers. Here we cannot enter into details, it must suffice to remark that the grain of the shell is sometimes so fine that the surface is glossy, and this is the case with a large number of Picaria, where it is also quite colourless and the contents of their eggs seen through the semi-transparent sheli give an

3 Zeitschr. für wissensch. Zoologie, xv. pp. 1-31, Op. cit. xvii. pp. 480-524.

Op. cit. xviii. pp. 19-21, pp. 225-270, xix. pp. 322-348, 1. pp. 106-130, xxi. pp. 830-335. A summary of these will be found in Journ. far Ornith. 1871, pp. 241-260, and the subject has been com tinued in the same periodical for 1872, pp. 321-332, and 1874, pp 1-26,

of proper or even any food does. Important however as are its bearings on every individual of the whole Class, the subject is one which has been sadly neglected by ornithological writers and, with one exception,1 we are not aware of any connected series of observations on Moult within the whole range of their literature. The structure and mode of growth of feathers has been very well studied and described by several investigators, and must be especially treated in introducing the subject of Pterylography-or the disposition of the various plumed patches on the bird's body-which, having been found to be a most useful auxiliary in Classification, is deferred until that comes to be discussed under the article "ORNITHOLOGY." For the present we have briefly to consider the different phases which the process of Moulting offers.

As a general rule all Birds are subject to an annual Moult, and this as above stated, commonly begins immediately on the close of the breeding-season, but, as will be explained further on, there are some waich undergo in addition a second or even a third partial change of plumage, and it is possible that there may be others still more exceptional, our information respecting these, however, is too meagre to make it worth while saying anything here about them. It must be acknowledged that with regard to the great majority of forms we can only judge by analogy, and though it may well be that some interesting deviations from the general rule exist of which we are altogether ignorant, yet when we consider that the Ratitæ, so far as observed, moult exactly in the same manner as other birds,2 the uniformity of the annual change may be almost taken for granted.

It is not intended here to describe the way in which a feather dies and a new one succeeds it, nor need we compare the process of moulting with the analogous shedding of the hair in Mammals or of the skin in Reptiles. Enough for our present purpose to see that such renovation is required in Birds, which nearly all have to depend upon their quills for the means of locomotion and hence of livelihood. It is easy to understand that durable as are the flight-feathers, they do not last for ever and are besides very subject to accidental breakage, the consequence of which would be the crippling of the bird. It is obviously to provide against what in most cases would be such a disaster as this last that we find the remiges, or quill-feathers of the wings, to be always shed in pairs. They drop out not indeed absolutely at the same moment, though this sometimes seems to happen, but within a few days of each other, and, equilibrium being thus preserved, the power of flight is but slightly deteriorated by their temporary loss. The same may be observed in a less degree, since there is less need of regularity, with the rest of the plumage, as a little attention to any tame bird will show, and the new feathers grow at an almost equal rate. In the young of most species the original quills are not shed during the first year, nor in the young of many does there seem to be an entire moult during that time, but in the typical Gallina, which are able to fly at a very early age, often before they are one-third grown, the original quills, being proportioned to the duties required of them, are shed before the bird has attained its full size and are succeeded by others that serve it when it has reached maturity. In the Duck-tribe (Anatida), however, we have a very singular exception to what has been above stated. Most of these birds shed their quillfeathers all at once, and become absolutely incapable of

This is a valuable paper by Herr Meves, of Stockholm (Efvers. K. Vet. Akad. Förhandl. 1854, p. 258), of which a German translation with some additions by the author may be found in Journ. für Ornith. 1855, pp. 230-238.

For the knowledge of this fact the writer is indebted to the vast experience of Mr Bartlett,

flight for a season,3 during which time they generally seek the shelter of thick, aquatic herbage, and it is further to be particularly remarked that the males of most of two sections of the family (Anatinæ and Fuligulina) at the same period lose the brilliantly-coloured plumage which commonly distinguishes them and "go into eclipse," as Waterton happily said, putting on for several weeks a dingy garb much resembling that of the other sex, to resume their gay attire only when, their new quills being grown, it can be safely flaunted in the open air. Here we have the first instances of Additional Moult to be mentioned. Another is not less interesting, though ornithologists must confess with shame that they have not sufficiently investigated it. This is that of the Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus), both sexes of which not only moult after the breeding-season is over into a grey suit, and then again as autumn passes away into their snowy winter-clothing, but, divesting themselves of this last in spring, then put on each a third and most distinctive dress-these changes, however, do not extend to the quills either of the wings or tail.

The number of Birds which undergo a more or less entire Double Moult is very considerable, and the peculiarity is not always characteristic of families or even, unless in a restricted sense, of genera. Thus while the Garden-Warbler (Sylvia salicaria) is said to moult twice in the year the Blackcap (S. atricapilla) does so but once. The same may be said of the Emberizida, in which family both practices seem to obtain, but on the other hand the distinction in this respect between the Larks (Alaudida) and the Pipits (Anthina), belonging to the family Motacillida, appears, so far as our knowledge goes, to be invariable, though the habits and general appearance of both groups are so much alikethe Alaudida moulting but once and the Anthina, conforming to the practice of the normal Motacillida (Motacillina), twice a year-the quills, be it understood, excepted. But it would be impossible here to give more than these few examples, and indeed we scarcely know anything of the subject outside of groups belonging to the Northern hemisphere.

In a large number of species the Additional Moult is very partial, being often limited to certain portions of the plumage, and it is yet an unsolved problem how far some of the changes to be observed are due to actual Moult and how far to the alteration of colour in the feathers themselves, as also the way by which this alteration of colour is produced, whether, as certainly happens in many instances, by the dropping off of the "barbicels "the fine filaments that fringe the "barbicels" which are arranged on the upper surface of each "barb" composing the web of the feather -or in some other manner. With either of these last considerations we need not now concern ourselves. It is unquestionable that there are innumerable species of birds, the males at least of which put forth in spring decorative plumes unknown at any other season, and it would appear that in the majority of them the feathers which before clothed the parts whence the newly-donned ornaments grow are doffed to make room for these paraphernalia of marriage.

The subject of Additional Moult is thus intimately connected with the seasonal adornment of Birds, and as that

of flight thus lost., Cf. Cunningham, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 262

One species, Micropterus cinereus, seems never to regain the power

Macgillivray (Brit. Birds, i. p. 196, London: 1837; and Nat. Hist. of Deeside, p. 405, London: 1855) thought there were four moults in this species, but that seems to be one too many. Herr Meves (loc. cit.) and the Abbé Caire (Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 494) independently made the discovery of the Triple Moult, and almost simultaneously announced it. Cf. Gloger, Journ. für Orn. 1856, p. 461.

The fullest list as yet published is that of Herr Meves (ut supra), but it is not entirely free from error.

BIRDS

properly belongs to a branch of the great question of
Natural Selection, its further consideration must here be
put off until that is more fully treated, together with what
are known as the "Laws of Plumage," the reader being
meanwhile referred to those excellent chapters in which
Mr Darwin' has treated the matter with his usual perspi-
cuity, though even he has far from exhausted its varied
points of interest.

It remains to be remarked that though the annual Moult
1 The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, chaps. xiii.-
Avi. London: 1871.

Anarhynchus, 742.
Anas, 730, 731, 735

Anatida, 742, 745, 746,

748, 750, 761, 765, 756,
775, 776.

Anatinæ, 776

Anser, 730, 731, 774.

Anthine, 776.

Anthornis, 742.

Anthreptes, 761.

Apatornis, 729.

Aphanapteryx, 783.
Aplonis, 741
Aptenodytes, 727.

Apterygida, 699,721, 722;

742.

Apteryx, 718, 721, 722,
724, 725.

Aptornis, 699, 720; 731.
Aquila, 713; 730, 774.
Aramida, 749, 750, 752.
Archæopterygida. 599.
Archæopteryx, 719, 720,
723; 728, 736.
Ardea, 713, 726; 780, 733.
Ardeacites, 730.

Ardeida, 713, 726; 730,
746, 747, 751.
Argozoum, 728.
Aride, 750, 782.
Artamide, 739, 763.
Artamus, 716.

Asio, 713, 714; 747.
Atelornia, 760.

777

Buteo, 713.
Cacatua, 727.

Cactornis, 747,

Cærebida, 745. 746 747,

749, 750, 752.

Calidris, 753,

Callæas, 742.

Calcenas, 762.
Calypte, 749.

Calyptorhynchus, 715;
740.

Camarhynchus. 747.
Camascelus, 730.

Campephagidæ, 739, 760,
763.

Capitonidæ, 746.

Caprimulgida, 739, 746
749, 755.

Caprimulgus, 723; 741,

758.
Cardinalis, 717.
Cariama, 743.
Cariamida, 746.
Caridonax, 739.

Carinatæ, 699, 700, 711,
718, 720, 721, 722.
Carpophaga, 741.
Casuariida. 699, 720, 721,
722, 727; 740.
Casuarius, 722; 740, 741,
774.

Cathartes, 752.

Cormoranus, 730.
Corvida, 748, 750 751
755.

Corvus, 715. 716; 728,

730.

Corythaix, 715, 721.
Corythornis, 759.

Cotingida, 746, 748, 749.
Coturnix, 730, 760,
Cracidae, 743, 746, 747,
748, 750.
Cracirex, 747.
Crateropus, 758.

Crax, 699, 712, 727; 731.
Creadion, 742.
Crithagra, 742.

Crotophaga, 726; 775.
Crypsirhina, 764.
Crypturi, 743.
Crypturus, 711.

Cuculida, 748, 749, 750
755, 763.
Cuculus, 715; 768.
Cuphopterus, 759.

Cursorilda, 755.
Cyanecula, 769.
Cyanopica, 757.
Cygnus, 719: 781, 774.
Cypselidæ, 699; 751, 755.
Cypselomorphae, 700.
Cypselus, 719; 767 768.
Dasornis, 729.

Cathartida, 713, 726; 749, Dasylophus, 763.

742, 745, 746, 751, 755.
Charadriomorphæ, 699.
Chauns, 712, 719, 722.
Chelidon, 702.

Chenalopex, 746.

Dendrocolaptide, 743,

Dendroca, 747.
Dendrotypes, 788.
Desmognath, 712, 714.
Dicxide, 789, 755, 756
759.

Dicholophus, 699, 712,
713, 714, 720.
Dididae, 699.
Didunculidæ, 741.
Didunculus, 741.
Didus, 699, 721; 732
Dinornis, 720, 722; 731
738.

Dinornithidae, 699, 721.
731, 742.
Dolichonyx, 747.

Chenomorphs, 700, 712, Dolichopterus, 730.

726.

Chionis, 745.

Chlamydera, 740.

Chloephaga, 746.

Chrysococcyx, 742, 769.
Cicinnurus, 740.
Ciconia, 713; 768.
Ciconiidae, 755, 775.
Cimoliornis, 729.
Cinclidæ, 746, 750.
Cinclocerthis, 749.
Cinclodes, 746.

Circus, 713, 714; 736.
Cisticola, 760.
Clangula, 753.
Cnemlornis, 731.
Coccygomorphæ, 699,700,
715, 716.

Coccyzus, 748.

Collida, 758,

Colius, 715, 720

Columba, 730, 756.
Columbæ, 741, 760, 763.

Doricha, 749.

Drepanidæ, 742.
Dromida 713 740.
Dromeognathæ, 699; 743.
Dromæornia, 732.
Dromæus, 711, 718, 719.
722, 723; 732, 741, 774.
Drymæca, 760.
Dysporomorpha. 700
713, 724, 726.
Eclectus, 740.
Elanus, 713.
Elornis, 730.

Emberiza, 717.

Emberizida, 745, 746 747.

748, 749, 750, 751, 753,
755, 766, 774, 776
Emblema, 741.
Eos, 740.

746, 747, 748.

Francolinus, 736, 760.

Fratercula, 768.
Fregata, 721.

Fregatida, 749, 750, 752.
Fregilupus, 720: 733, 734,
760.

Fregilus, 716.

Fringilla, 730, 756, 767.
Fringillidæ, 738, 739, 740.
747, 748, 751, 755, 766,
759, 761, 766.
Fulica, 711; 742.
Fuligulinæ, 776.
Furnariidæ, 772.
Galbulidæ, 743, 740
Gallina, 730, 741, 743.
763, 775, 776.
Gallinace, 700, 706, 711.
Gallinula, 711, 726; 732,
741, 742.

Opisthocomi, 743.

Larida, 730, 745, 750, 751, Opisthocomide, 746.

753, 755, 756.

Larus, 724; 730.

Lepidogrammus, 763.
Leptosomida, 758, 760
Leptosomus, 730.
Leucotreron, 739.
Limicolæ, 729, 730, 745,
764, 773, 775.
Limosa, 730, 753, 775.
Liotrichidae, 755, 756.
Lipoa, 741.

Lithornis, 729.
Lobiophasis, 763.

Loddigesía, 747.

Lophopsittacus, 732, 734.
Lorius, 740.
Loxia, 769.

Lycocorax, 740.

Macrornis, 730.

Mareca, 712.

Megalæma, 712, 715,

Megslæmide, 738.

Megalornis, 729.

Megapodilda, 741, 743.
Megapodius, 762, 763.
Meleagridæ, 748, 750, 752.
Meleagris, 730, 731.

Meliphagidae, 739, 740

755.

776.

Lampornis, 749.

Laniarius, 760.

Microglossa, 715 7
Micropterus, 776.
Milvago, 746.
Milvus, 730, 736.
Mimockhla, 749.
Mionornis, 731.
Miro, 742.
Miserythrus 733.
Mnlotiltida, 745, 747 748
749, 750, 751.

Momotida, 743, 746, 748,
750.

Motacilla, 730 760 768.
Motacillida, 750, 751, 755,

756, 776.

Motacillinæ, 776.

Muelleripicus, 738.

Muscicapa, 785.

Oreotrochilus, 747.
Oriolidæ, 755, 759.

! Oriolus, 768.
Ornithopus, 728.
Orthonyx, 741.
Orthorhynchus, 719.
Oscines, 743.
Osteornis, 780.
Otididæ, 741, 755.
Otidiphaps, 741.
Otis, 736.
Otocorys, 746.
Oxynotus, 760.
Oxyrhamphide, 746.

Pachycephalidæ, 739

Pachyrhamphus, 716.

Pagophila, 755.
Palelodus, 780.

Palæocircus, 730.

Palæoperdix, 730.

Palæornia, 715; 733.

Palæortyx, 730.

Palæotringa, 729

Palemedeida, 743, 745,
746.

Palapterygidæ, 781, 742.
Palapteryx, 731.
Pandion, 741.

Panurida, 755, 756.

Panurns, 755.

Paradiscidæ, 740, 760
Pareudiastes, 741.

Paridae, 742, 748, 750,

755, 761, 766.

Parrida, 746.

Parus, 757, 759, 766.
Passer, 730, 758, 774.
Passeres, 712: 780, 77,
741, 742, 743, 745, 747,
758, 760, 763, 769 773,
775.

Patagona 711.
Pavo 764.

Pedionomus, 741.
Pelagornis, 729.

Pelargomorpha, 700 713.
Pelargopsis, 730.
Pelecanida, 751 752.
Pelecanus, 713; 730 781.

Pelldna, 730.

Penelope, 727.

Penelopides, 768

Perdix, 775.

Muscicapidae, 740, 742, Perissoglossa, 749.

755, 756, 763.

Muscisaxicola, 746.

Musophaga, 718.

Musophagidæ, 730, 758.

Myiomoira, 742.

Myzomela, 739.

Natatores, 712; 768.

Nasiterna, 740.

Necropsittacus, 733.
Necrornis, 730.
Nectarinia, 715; 758
Nectariniidæ, 755, 761.
Neophron, 713, 714

Nesocichla, 742.

Nesospiza, 742.

Nestor, 735, 742.

Notornis, 731, 732 742.
Nuclfrags, 770.
Numenius, 711.
Numida, 727; 731.
Nyctea, 731.

Nyctibius, 712.
Nycticorax, 713.
Ocydromus,
742.

721; 732,

756, 763.

Oligomyods, 748.

Peristeromorphæ, 699

Peristeropodes, 743.

Pezophaps, 723; 732.
Phabotreron, 763.

Phaeton, 723; 775.

Phaetontidæ, 750, 752
Phalacrocoracidæ, 751.
Phalacrocorax, 713 726;
730.

Phalaropodide, 751.
Phalaropus, 775.

Phasianida, 738, 755, 756

763.
Phasianus, 730.
Philepitta, 760.

Phoenicopteridæ, 730,747,

Phoenicopterus 712, 730.
751, 752.

Phrygilus, 746.

Phyllornithidæ, 738, 761.
Phylloscopus, 752, 767,
769.

Phytotomidae, 745, 746.
Picaria, 731, 741, 742.
743, 760, 763, 775.
Picida, 699, 712, 716, 725;
730, 738, 746, 747, 748,
749, 750, 751, 755, 756.
Picumnus, 716, 717.
Picus, 716, 717; 730, 764
Pipra, 716.
Pipridæ, 746.
III.