the thoughts of many minds. Nor is other warrant for BOOK III, such criticism lacking. Chap. IV. ANOTHER GROUP OF ARCHEOLO EXPLORERS. Three years after beginning his excavations at Nimroud, Mr. LAYARD himself wrote thus (from Cheltenham): It is GISTS AND to be regretted that proper steps have not been taken for the transport to England of the sculptures discovered at Nineveh. Those which have already reached this country, and (it is to be feared) those which are now on their way, have consequently suffered unnecessary injury; yet, . . . they are almost the only remains of a great city Nineveh and and of a great nation.' Part of the injury now observable in the Assyrian sculptures of the British Museum was, of course, inseparable from circumstances attending the discovery. Besides the injury already spoken of-from the pressure of the earthbanks-all the low-reliefs of one great palace had suffered from intense heat. From this cause, Mr. LAYARD's experiences recall, in one particular, the impressive accounts we have all read of the opening of ancient tombs in Egypt and in Italy. The fortunate excavator suddenly beheld a kingly personage, in fashion as he lived. The royal forehead was still encircled by a regal crown. The fingers were decked with rings; the hand, mayhap, grasped a sceptre. But whilst the discoverer was still gazing in the first flush of admiration, the countenance changed; the ornaments crumbled; the sceptre and the hand that held it alike became dust. So it was, at times, at Nimroud. Some of the calcined slabs presented, for a moment, their story in its integrity. Presently, they fell into fragments. its Remains, vol. i, p. xiii. THE CAUSES None the less, when the reader goes into the Kouyunjik MIXED Gallery; looks at the sculptures from SENNACHERIB'S NATURE OF palace; observes the innumerable 'joinings,' and then glances at his official Guide' (which tells him, at page 85, OF THE MUTILA TIONS OB BOOK III, GROUP OF GISTS AND many single slabs reached this country in three hundred or four hundred pieces'), he is bound for truth's sake to remember that, whilst some of the breakage is ascribable to the action of fire at the time of the Fall of Nineveh, another portion of it is ascribable to the want or absence of action, on the part of some worthy officials in the public SCULPTURES service of Britain, just twenty-five centuries afterwards. EXPLORERS. SERVABLE IN THE MUSEUM FROM ASSYRIA. LAYARD'S FIRST DISCOVERY, 28th Nov., 1845. With Sir Stratford CANNING's help, and with the still better help of his own courage and readiness of resource, Mr. LAYARD surmounted most of the obstacles which lay in his path. There was a rich variety of them. To quote but a tithe of his encounters with Candian pashas, Turcoman navvies, Abou-Salman visitors, and Mósul cadis and muftis, would ensure the reader's amusement beyond all doubt; but the temptation must be overcome. Happily, the original books are well known, though the anecdotes are more than racy enough to bear quotation and requotation. Two incidents of the first explorations (1845-46) must needs be told. The earliest discovery was made on the twentyeighth of November. The indications of having approached, at length, a chamber lined with sculpture, rejoiced the Arab labourers not less than it rejoiced their employer. They kept on digging long after the hour at which they were accustomed to strike work. The slab first uncovered was a battle scene. War chariots drawn by splendidly equipped horses contained three warriors apiece, in full career. The chief of them (beardless) was clothed in complete mail, ‘and wore a pointed helmet on his head, from the sides of which fell lappets covering the ears, the lower part of the face, and the neck. The left hand (the arm being extended) grasped a bow at full stretch; whilst the right, drawing the string to ... Chap. IV. GROUP OF ARCHEOLO GISTS AND EXPLORERS. the ear, held an arrow ready to be discharged. A second Book III, warrior urged, with reins and whip, three horses to the ANOTHER utmost of their speed. . A third, without helmet and with flowing hair and beard, held a shield for the defence of the principal figure. Under the horses' feet, and scattered about, were the conquered, wounded by the arrows of the conquerors. I observed with surprise the elegance and richness of the ornaments, the faithful and delicate delineation of the limbs and muscles, both in the men and horses, and the knowledge of art displayed in the grouping of the figures and the general composition. In all these respects, as well as in costume, this sculpture appeared to me, not only to differ from, but to surpass, the bas-reliefs of Khorsabad.' Thus cheered, the work of digging went on with fresh vigour, and in new directions. Parts of a building which had suffered from decay, not from fire, were at length uncovered. Slabs of still greater beauty were disclosed. 'I now thought,' says the explorer, I had discovered the earliest palace of Nimroud.' On the morning after the discovery of these new and more choice sculptures-middle of February, 1846—Mr. LAYARD rode away from the mound to a distant Arab encampment-wisely cultivating, as was his manner, a good understanding with a ticklish sort of neighbours. Two early Arabs, from this camp, had already paid a morning visit to the mound. They hastened back at a racing pace. Before they could well pull up their horses, or regain their own Oriental composure, the riders shouted at sight of Layard: 'Hasten, O Bey, to the diggers. They have found great NIMROD himself. Wallah! it is wonderful, but it is true! We have seen him with our eyes.' The Bey' did not wait for lucid explanations; but Nineveh and its Remains (1849), vol. i, p. 41. BOOK III, EXPLORERS. Ibid., p. 65. 1846, February. Ibid., p. 66. urged his horse to emulate the speed with which the grateful, though mysterious, tidings had been brought to him. No sooner had he entered the new trench at the mound, than he saw a splendidly sculptured head, the form of which assured him at a glance that it must belong to a winged bull or lion like to those of Persepolis and of Khorsabad. Its preservation was perfect, its features sharply cut. The Arab workmen stood looking at it with intent and fearexpressing eyes-but with open palms. The first word that came from their lips begged a 'back-sheesh,' in honour of the auspicious occasion. The terror of one of them, only, had led him to scamper at full speed to his tent, that he might hide himself from the frightful monster whose aspect seemed to threaten vengeance on those rash men who had dared to disturb his long repose, in the bowels of the earth. Scarcely had Mr. LAYARD glanced at NIMROD' before he found that more than half the tribe whose encampment he had just left had followed hard at his heels. They were headed by their Sheikh. It would be difficult to depict, in few words, the conflict of their feelings. Admiration, terror, anger, had each a part in the emotion which was evinced, no less in their gestures than in their words. There is no God but GOD, and MAHOMED is his prophet! This is not the work of men's hands, but of those infidel giants whom the Prophet-peace be with him!-has said, that "they were higher than the tallest date-tree." This is one of the idols which NOAH-peace be with him!-cursed before the Flood.' Such were the words of Sheikh ABD-UR-RAHMAN himself. He showed great reluctance, at first, to enter the trench. But when once in, he examined the image with great and continued earnestness. All his followers echoed his verdict. Chap. IV. GROUP OF ils Remains; passim. But the townspeople of Mósul were more difficult to deal BOOK III, with. The Cadi called a meeting of the Mufti and the ANOTHER Ulema, to discuss the most effectual protest against such an atrocious violation of the Koran as that committed by the unbelieving explorer and his mercenary labourers. Their notions about NIMROD were very vague. Some thought him to have been an ancient true-believer; others had a strong misgiving that he, like his unearther, was but an infidel. They were all clear that the digging must be stopped. It tasked all Mr. LAYARD's skill, experience, and Nineveh and force of character, to surmount these new difficulties. When they had been at length overcome--with the brilliant results known now to most Englishmen-he had to face the enormous difficulties of transport. The great humanheaded lions he was obliged to leave in their original position. A multitude of smaller sculptures (many of them reduced in bulk by sawing) were safely brought to England. The first arrivals came in 1847.* In 1849 and in 1850, the excavations in the mounds first opened were vigorously resumed, and new researches were made in several directions. Early in 1850, the explorers buckled to the task of removing the lions. That chapter in Mr. LAYARD's familiar narrative is not the least interesting one. * It is a slight blemish in Mr. Layard's otherwise admirable books that they are loose in the handling of dates. It is sometimes necessary to turn over hundreds of pages in order to be sure of the year in which a particular excavation was made, or in which an interesting incident occurred. Sometimes, again, there is an actual conflict of dates, e. g. Discoveries in the Ruins, &c. (1853), p. 3, After my departure from Mósul in 1847,' and again, p. 66, 'On my return to Europe in 1847;' but at p. 162, we read: 'Having been carefully covered up with earth, previous to my departure in 1848, they [the lions] had been preserved,' &c. I mention this simply because it is possible that error may thus, once or twice, have crept into the marginal dates given above, though pains has been taken about these. |