178. Orthography or Right Spelling. As we have two kinds of language, written and spoken, so, there are two modes of spelling; one addressed to the eye, and exhibited by naming the letters; the other addressed to the ear, and spelled by giving the sounds, which the letters represent: the former method, which is the common one, tends to the predominant use of the throat, and lungs, and is one of the fruitful sources of consumption; the latter, which is the new one, serves to keep up the natural use of the appropriate muscles, and tends to prevent, as well as cure, dyspepsia, liver and lung complaints, and diseases of the throat. 179. Classification of the Consonants. The first natural division of the consonants is into Vocal and Aspirate. Of the Vocal there are, as they stand in the alphabet, and their combinations, twenty-six, but deducting the duplicates, there are but seventeen; viz: b, as in bib; c, as in suffice; d, as in dead; f, as in of; g, as in gem, go, rouge; l, as in ill; m, as in me; n, as in none, bank; r, as in err, pride; w, as in wo; x, as in exist; y, as in yet; and th as in this; all of which should be given separately, as well as combined, and their differences observed. 180. After the pupil has become familiar with reading by vowel sounds and spelling, as above recommended, let him be exercised in reading by the vowel and consonant sounds: i. e. by giving a perfect analysıs of all the sounds, found in any of the words of the sentence before him; which involves every thing relating to sounds, whether sinEle, double, or triple; and to articulation, accent, pronunciation, and emphasis. No one should wish to be excused from these very useful and important exercises; for they are direrctly calculated to improve the voice, the ear, and the manner, while they impart that kind of knowledge of this subject, which will be felt to be power, and give one confi dence in his own abilities. Notes. 1. It is not a little amusing and instructive too, to atamine the great variety of names, used by different authors, to w-signate the sounds of our letters, their classifications, &c. against tich the charge of simplicity cannot be brought: in every thing, to us guard against learned and unlearned ignorance. 2. There me those, who ought, from their position before the world, to be Linard authorities in the pronunciation of letters and words, and ta general delivery; but, unfortunately, on account of their sad deJos and inaccuracies, in all those particulars, they constitute a court of Errors, instead of Appeal: consequently, we must throw ourseves upon the first principles and our own resources; using, how Proverbs. 1. As we act towards others, we may expect others to act towards us. 2. A good orator is pointed, and vehement. 3. Idleness-is the rust of the mind, and the blight of genius. 4 Assist yourself, and heaven will assist you. 5. We should estimate man's character, by his good ness; not by his wealth. 6. Knowledge-is as essential to the mind, as food is to the body. 7. A good word is as soon said, as an ill one. 8. No temptation of emolument, can induce an honest man to do wrong. 9. Virtue-is the best, and safest helmet we can wear. 10. Against the fickleness of fortune, oppose a bold heart. 11. Never profess-what you do not practice. 12. Treat every one with kindness. Anecdote. Keeping Time-from Eter. nity. Chief Justice Parsons, of Massachusetts, having been shown a watch, that was looked on as well worthy of notice, as it had saved a man's life, in a duel, remarked,"It is, indeed, a very astonishing watch, that has kept time from eternity." The Difference. Why is it, that many professors of religion are so reluctant, to have the reading of the Bible, as well as speaking and singing, conducted in a correct and proper manner? Should not the greatest and most glorious truths-be delivered in an appropriate style? Do they think to exalt religious truth, in the eyes of the well-informed, by communicating it in a way that is not only repulsive to correc taste, but slovenly, and absolutely wrong: Is it calculated to recommend devotional exercises to their consideration, by offering up prayer in a language and manner, unbecom ing man when addressing man; and per forming the singing, regardless of proper time and tune? Will they present their of ferings in a maimed, halt and blind manner upon the altar of religion; while they have it in their power, to provide a way in accordance with the subject and object of their devotion? Is it well-to despise a good style and manner of elocution and music, because we have not the ability, and are too indolent to labor for it. to do justice to ourselves and others? What course does true wisdom dictate? Varieties. 1. Men-will never feel like women, nor women-think, like men. 2. In too eager disputation, the truth is often lost sight of. 3. Woman-is not degraded, but elevated, by an earnest, daily application-to her domestic concerns. 4. How wretched is his condition, who depends for his daily support, on the hospitality of others. 5. An evil-speaker-differs from an evil. evar. such true lights as a kind Providence has vouchsafed us for doer, only in opportunity. 6. The use of 183. The common mode of teaching all three, is no better policy, (setting every thing else aside,) than to go from America to China to get to England: in other words, perfectly ridiculous: and were we not so much accustomed to this unnatural and dementing process, we should consider it one of the most self-evident humbugs, not of the age only, but of the world. Examples of the old mode: p, (pe,) h, (aytch,) i, (eye,) s, (ess,) TIS, i, (eye,) c, (see,) k, (kay,) ICK, TISICK; fifteen sounds: of the new; t, i, z, tis, i, k, ik, tis-ik; giving nothing but the five sounds the old: g, (je,) e, (e,) w, (doubleyou,) Gu, g, (je,) a, (a,) w, (doubleyou,) GAW, GEW-truth. GAW; eighteen sounds, and not one sound in spelling is found in the word after it is spelt: the new mode; g, u,g, aw, GEW-GAW, giving only the four sounds of the letters, in or gurlance. To him, who, in the love of nature, holds hnowledge is to communicate to others, that they may be the better for it. 7. They wha deny a God, either in theory, or practice, de stroy man's nobility. Till youth's delirious dream is o'er, 181. Orthography, being to the Elocutiontst, especially, a subject of incalcuable importance, it is presumed a few observations, illustrated by examples, will not be out of place. The author introduces an entirely new mode of learning the letters, by the use of sounds, before the characters are exhibited; also, a new way of spelling, in which the words are spelt by giving the different sounds of the letters, instead of their names: and finally, a new method of teaching children to read, by dictation; instead of by the book: i. e. to read without a book, the same as we all learn to speak our mother tongue; and afterwards, with a book: thus making the book talk just as we should, when speaking on the same subject. 18%. Aspirates. There are, according to their representatives, 21 aspirate, or breath sounds: omitting the duplicates, (or letters having the same sound,) there are only eleven; viz: c, as in cent, clock, ocean; d, as in fac'd; f, as in fife; h, as in hoe; p, as in pipe; 2. as in mix, ch, as in church; th, as in thin; and wh, as in where whence it appears, by actual analysis, that we have sixteen vowel sounds, and twenty-eight consonant sounds; making in all FORTY-FOUR; some authors, however, give only thirty-eight. 3. Proverbs. 1. Estimate persons more by their hearts, than by their heads. 2. A people who have no amusements, have no manners. All are not saints, who go to church; all is not gold that glitters. 4. Advice is soldom welcome, those who need it most, generally like it least. 5. Do not spend your words to no purpose; but come to the facts. 6. Great things-cannot be accomplished without proper means. 7. We reap the consequences of our actions-both here, and hereafter. 8. God gives to all, the power of becoming what they ought to be. 9. Infringe on no one's rights. 10. If we are determined to succeed, we shall succeed. 11. Better do well, than say well. 12. Better be happy than rich. Anecdote. If men would confine their conversation to such subjects as they understand, how much better it would be for both speaker and hearer. Hally, the great mathematician, dabbled not a little in infidelity; he was rather too fond of introducing this subject in his social intercourse; and once, when he had descanted somewhat freely on it, in the presence of his friend, Sir Isaac Newton, the latter cut him short with this observation. "I always attend to you, Dr. Hally, with the greatest deference, when you do us the honor to converse on astronomy, or the mathematics; because. these are subjects that you have industriously investigated, and which you well understand: but religion is a subject on which I hear you with great pain; for this is a subject which you have not seriously examined, and do not understand; you despise it, because you have not studied it; and you will not study it, because you despise it. stead of their names. Notes. 1. We never can succeed in accomplishing one half of the glorious purposes of language, so long as we apply ourselves to what is swritten, and neglect what is spoken. 2. A new Bell presents itself; and when we shall have entered it, in the right place and manner, a new era will dawn upon us, leading us maare to the cultivation of the living language and the living voice: the compass and harmony of the best instrument can never be par rrived, by touching the keys at random, or playing a few simple Eames apon it, learned by the ear. When sailing-on this troubled sea Laconics. In the scale of pleasure, the lowest are sensual delights, which are succeeded by the more enlarged views and gay portraitures of a lively imagination; and these give way to the sublimer pleasures of reason, which discover the causes and designs, the form, connection, and symmetry of things, and fill the mind with the contemplation of intellectual beauty, order, and Varieties. 1. The greatest learning-is to be seen in the greatest simplicity. 2. Prefer the happiness and independence of a private station, to the trouble and vexation of a public one. 3. It is very foolish-for any one, to suppose, that he excels all others -in understanding. 4. Never take the humble, nor the proud, at their own valuation; the estimate of the former is too little, and that of the latter too much. 5. Every order of good is found by an order of truth, agreeing with it. 6. As there is much to enjoy in the world, so is there much to endure; and wise are they, who enjoy gratefully, and endure patiently. 7. What is the meaning of the expression, in the first chapter of Genesis, -" Let us make man, in our image, and after our likeness?" All farewells-should be sudden, when forever. Else, they make an eternity-of moments,And clog the last sad sands of life-with tears 151. Two of the three sounds of X: first, name sound; or ks, when at the end of accented syllables, and often when it precedes them; if followed by an abrupt conso nant. AXE: the cox-comb ex- [X in AXE.] pe-ri-en-ces the lux-u-ry of ex-pa-ti-a-ting on the ex-plo-sion of his ex-ces-sive ex-al-ta-tion of the bux-om fair sex; being anx-ious to ex-plain the or-tho-dox-y and het-o-dox-y of Ex-ag-o-nus, the ex-pos-i-ter ex-po-ses the ex-ploit, of ex-pect-ing to ex-plain how to ex-crete ex-cel-lent texts by ex-cru-ci-a-ting the wax of the ex-cheq-uer. 152. A good articulation-consists in givIng to every letter in a syllable, its due proportion of sound, according to the best pronunciation; and, in making such a distinction between the syllables, of which words are composed, as that the ear, without difficulty, shall acknowledge their number, and perceive, at once, to which syllable each letter belongs. When these things are not observed, the articulation is in that proportion, defective: the great object is to articulate so well, that the hearer can perfectly understand what is read or spoken, without being obliged to have recourse to a painful attention. A good articulation is the foundation of good delivery: as the sounding of the musical notes with exactness, is the foundation of good singing. 153. Play upon Xes. Charles X. x-king of France, was xtravagantly xtolled, but is xceedingly xecrated. He xperienced xtraordinary xcellence in xigencies; he was xcellent in xternals, but xtrinsic in xtacy; he was xtatic in xpression, xtreme in xcitement, and xtraordinary in xtempore xpression. He was xpatriated for his xcesses, and, to xpiate his xtravagance, was xcluded, and xpired in xpulsion. Notes. 1. To produce this diphthongal aspirate sound, whisper the word kiss, and then repeat it, and leave out the i; k'ss: one of the most unpleasant sounds in our language. 2. Since the word diphthong merely signifies a double sound, there is no impropriety in calling double consonants, diphthongs, as we do certain vorvels. 3. All critical skill 'n the sound of language, has its foun. dation in the practical knowledge of the nature and properties of these elements: remember this and apply yourself accordingly. In all cases, get the propet sounds of letters, as given in the hey-words, or first examples. To err is human, to forgive-divine. Proverbs. If better were within, better would come out. 2. Jests, like sweetmeate, have often sour sauce. 3. Keep aloof from quarrels; be neither a witness, nor a party. 4. Least said, the soonest mended. 5 Little boats should keep near shore; greater ones may venture more. Some are more nice than wise. 7. Make a wrong step, and down you go. 8. We all live and learn. 9. Riches, (like manure,) do no good, till they are spread. 19. Silks and satins often put out the 6. kitchen fire. 11. Some-would go to the devil, if they had authority for it. 12. Love virtue, and abhor vice. 13. Good counsel has no prue. Anecdote. Matrimony. A father, wishing to dissuade his daughter from all thoughts of matrimony, quoted the words: "She who marries, doeth well; but she who marries not, doeth better." The daughter, meekly replied, "Father, I am content to do well; let those do better, who can." Boundaries of Knowledge. Human reason-very properly refuses to give its assent to any thing, but in proportion as it sees how that thing is, or is done. Now, there are three directions-in natural science, which are attended with their difficulties. The astronomer-sees-and feels a difficulty-in getting from the solar system-to the universe; the chemist, in proceeding from matter to its mysterious essence; and the physiologist, in advancing from the body-to the soul; three kingdoms of knowledge-bordering on kingdoms-unknown to natural science. Without reason, man could never become elevated above his senses, and, consequently, could not become a rational and intellectual being, and, of course, not MAN, in the true sense of the term. But our minds are so constituted, that after hav. ing traversed the material creation, ana perceived, scientifically, the very boundaries of matter, where it is adjoined by spirit, it can elevate itself, by a power, constantly given by God, to the lower boundaries of spirit, where it touches upon matter, and then, by its derived powers, ascend step by step, to the great I AM; whom to know aright, and whom to love supremely, is the chief good of man. Varieties. 1. When man sins, angels WEEP, and devils REJOICE. 2. True polite. ness, springs from the heart. 3. What is that, which makes every body sick, except those who swallow it? Flattery. 4. Science has no enemy, but ignorance. 5. Be not too brief in conversation, lest you be not under. stood; nor too diffuse, lest you be trouble6. Simplicity, and modesty, are among the most engaging qualities of every superior mind. 7. We live in two worlds a natural and a spiritual one. some. I would never kneel at a gilde shrine, I would never fetter this heart of mine, As a thing-for fortune sold: But I'd bow-to the light th' God hath given, The nobler light-of mind; The only light, save that of Heaven, That should free-wiil homage find. 154. Reading-should be a perfect fac- | Proverbs. 1. If you would lend a man simile of correct speaking; and both exact copies of real life: hence, read just as you would naturally speak on the same subject, and under similar circumstances: so, that if any one should hear you, without seeing you, he could pot tell whether you were reading or speaking. Remember that nothing is denied to industry and perseverance; and that rotning valuable can be obtained without them. 155. The second sound of X is that of gz; generally, when it immediately precedes the accent, and is followed by a vowel sound, or the letter h, in words of two or more syllables; EXIST; the ex- [X in EXIST.] hor-ter is ex-haust-ed by his ex-u-ber-ant exor-di-um, and desires to be ex-on-er-a-ted from ex-am-in-ing the ux-o-ri-ous ex-ec-utive; an ex-act ex-am-in-a-tion into the ex-ag ger-a-tions of the aux-il-li-a-ries ex-hib-its a lux-u-ri-ant ex-ile, who ex-ist-ed an ex-ot-ic in ex-em-pla-ry ex-al-ta-tion. 156. The letters o, and e, in to and the, are long, before vowels, but abbreviated before consonants, (unless emphatic,) to prevent a hiatus. Th' man took the instrument and began t' play th' tune, when th' guests were ready to eat. I have written to Obadiah t' send me some of th' wheat, that was brought in th' ship Omar, and which grew on th' land belonging t' th' family of the Ashlands. Are you going from town? No I am going to town. Th' vessel is insured to, at and from London. Notes. L. To make this diphthongal vocal sound, close the teeth as if to give the sound of C, and then bring into contact the posteriors, or the roots of the tongue, and back parts of the throat, and pronounce the imaginary word guz, several times; then omit the u, and pronounce the g, z, by themselves: g-z. 2. For the 3d sound of X, see the third sound of C. 3. These elemental sounds was the favorite study among the ancients, of the greatest ability. 157. Sight Reading. To become a good reader, and a reader at sight, one must always let the eyes precede the voice a number of words; so that the mind shall have time, clearly, and distinctly, to conceive the ideas to be communicated; and also feel their influence: this will give full play to the thoughts, as well as impart power from the affectuous part of the mind, to the body, for producing the action, and co-operation, of the right muscles and organs to manufacture the sounds and words. In walking, it is always best to see where we are about to step; it is equally so in reading, when the voice walks. Indeed, by practice, a person will be able to take in a line or two, in anticipation of the vocal effort: always look before you leap. The high, the mountain-majesty-ot worth- money, and make him your enemy, ask him for t again. 2. He that goes a borrowing, goes a sorrowing. 3. The innocent-often suffer through the indolence and negligence of others. 4. Two 01 a trade seldom agree. 5. When the Lord revives his work, the Devil revives his. 6. He that swells in prosperity, will shrink in adversity. 7. It is human to err; but diabolical to persevere In error. 8. For a cure of ambition, go in the churchyard, and read the gravestones. 9. Better get in the right path late, than never. 10. A real friend -is discerned in a trying case. 11. Every one can acquire a right character. 12. Two wrongo-don't make a right. Anecdote. Zeno-was told, that it was disreputable for a philosopher to be in love. "If that were true," said the wise man, "the fair sex are indeed to be pitied; for they would then receive the attention of fools alone." Mental Violence. Everything which tends to discompose or agitate the mind, whether it be excessive sorrow, rage or fear, envy, or revenge, love or despair-in short, whatever acts violently on our mental faculties tends to injure the health. Varieties. 1. Washington-was born Feb. 22d, 1732, and died Dec. 14th, 1799; how old was he? 2. We cannot love those, whom we do not respect. 3. Order is the same in the world, in man, and in the church; and man is an epitome of all the principles of order. 4. In factions, the most ignorant are always the most violent. 5. The good man has God in his heart, when he is not in his mouth: but the hypocritehas God in his mouth, without having him in his heart. 6. It is some hope of good- Hope ye mercy still? Ask it-ye who will. And before you, see Who have done it!-From the vaie- Let their welcome be! As where heaven--its dews shall shed [PIERPONT. 158. An accurate knowledge of these elementary sounds, which constitute our vocal alphabet, and the exact co-operation of the appropriate organs to give them truly, are essential to the attainment of a good and efficient elocution. Therefore, be resolved to understand them thoroughly; and, in your various efforts to accomplish this important object, give precision and full force to every sound, and practice faithfully, and often, the difficult and rapid changes of the vocal powers, required by the enunciation of a quick succession of the muscle-breakers. 159. The sound of Y, when a consonant; YE: the year-ling youngster, yelled for the yel-low yolk, yes-ter-night, and yearn-ed in the yard o-ver the year-book till he yex'd: the yoke yields to your (Yin YE.] yeur-ling, which yearns for the yar-row in the yawls; you yerk'd your yeast from the yawn-ing yeo-man yes-ter-day, and yet yourself, of yore, yea, tho' young, yearn-ed o-ver the yes-ty yawn: Mr. Yew, did you say, or did you not say, what I said you said? because Mr. Yewyaw said you never said what I said you said: now, if you say that you did not say, what I said you said, then pray what did you say? Proverbs. 1. The shorter answer-is doing the thing. 2. You cannot quench fire with tow. 3. There is no general rule without exceptions. 4. Happiness-is not in a cottage, nor in a palace, nor in riches, nor in poverty, nor in learning, nor in ignorance, nor in active, nor in passive life; but in doing right, from right motives. 5. Good intention-is not reformation. 6. It is self-conceit, that makes a man obstinate. 7. To cure a fit of passion, walk out in the open air. 8. Idle men know the value of money, earn it. 10. Hearts are dead, all their lives long. 9. If you would may agree, tho' heads-difer. 11. Beware of Airting and coquetry. 12. There is no place like home. 13. He that is warm, thinks others so. Anecdote. A Vain Mother. As a lady -was viewing herself in a looking-glass, she said to her daughter: "What would you give to be as handsome as I am?" "Just as much, (replied the daughter,) as you would, to be as young as I am." The Poor. How few, even of professing christians, are aware of the pleasure, arising from contributing to the support of the poor! Is it not more blessed to give than to receive? But there are alms for the mind-as well as for the body. If we duly considered our relations, and our destinies, instead of giving grudgingly, or wanting to be called upon, we should go out in search of the destitute and ignorant, and feel that we were performing the most acceptable service to God, while sharing the gifts of his providence with our fellow-beings, who are as precious in his sight-as we fancy ourselves to be: for he does not regard any from their external situation, but altogether from their internal state. Varieties. 1. American independencewas acknowledged by Great Britain, Jan. 160. The first step to improvement is, to awaken the desire of improvement: whatever interests the heart, and excites the imagination, will do this. The second is a clear and distinct classification of the principles, on which an art is based, and an exact expression of them, in accordance with this classification; indeed, all the arts and sciences should be seen in definite delineations, thro' a language which cannot well be mis- 19, 1783; and the treaty of Ghent signed, understood. 161. Irregulars. E, I, J, and U, occasionally have this sound; Eu-rope al-ien-ates the con-spic-u-ous cult-ure of her na-iads, and, like a dis-guised creat-ure, eu-lo-gi-ses her ju-nior court-iers for their bril-liant genius: the virt-u-ous christ-ian sold-ier, in spirit-u-al un-ion with the mill-ions of Nat-ure, shouts with eu-cha-ris-tic grand-eur, eu-phoni-ous hal-le-lu-jahs, which are fa-mil-iar-ly read, throughout the volume of the U-ni verse. Dec. 24, 1814. 2. Never do an act, of which you doubt the justice. 3. Nothing can be a real blessing, or curse, to the soul, that is not made its own by appropriation. 4. Let every man be the champion of right. 5. How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child. 6. All science has its foundation in experience. 7. Happy are the miseries that end in joy; and blessed are the joys, that have no end. Ay, I have planned full many a sanguine scheme of carthly happiness; *** And it is hard To feel the hand of death-arrest one's steps, Throw a chill blight-on all one's budding hopes And hurl one's soul, untimely, to the shades, Lost in the gaping gulf of blank oblivion. Notes. To give this vocal sound, nearly close the teeth, the lips turned out as in making long e, (see engraving,) and drawlingly pronounce the word yet, protracting the sound of the y thua, yet; yon. 2. For the two other sounds of y, ses the two sounds of i; rhyme, hymn; isie, ile. 3. Fis a consonant at the beginning of a word or syllable, except in y-clad, (e-clad,) y-Fifty years hence, and who will think of Henry! lept, (e-clept) yt-ri-a, (it-ri-a,) Yp-si-lan-ti, (Ip-si-lan-ti,) the name of a twa in Michigan. 4. In prod-uce, u has its name sound; and in volume, it has this con-so-nant sound of y preceding it; in the first, it is preceded by an abrupt element: in the second, by un cpen one. If I could find some cave unknown, |