ers, like the Antediluvians, murmur at the Allotments of Probably
Providence and the Restraints imposed on them; but they Syria.
are also proud and rebellious, flattering Men for their
own Gain.

12 These are spots in your feasts of charity, when they
feast with you, feeding themselves without fear: clouds
they are without water, carried about of winds; trees
whose fruit withereth, without fruit, twice dead, plucked
up by the roots;

13 Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever.

33

14 And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these 3, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints,

15 To execute judgment upon all; and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him.

16 These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts; and their mouth speaketh great swelling words, having men's persons in admiration because of advantage.

JUDE 17-23.

The Apostle exhorts them, instead of following the false
Teachers, to remember the Doctrines taught them by the
Apostles, who had also foretold the coming of these lascivi-
ous Scoffers (2 Pet. iii. 2.) who separating themselves from
the true Disciples of Christ, on the pretence of greater
illumination, are mere animal Men not having the Spirit-
But Christians are to establish themselves and each other
in the Doctrines of Christ and the Apostles, which make
Men spiritual and holy, praying to God under the Influ-
ence of the Holy Ghost, keeping themselves in constant
Love towards God, expecting pardon from Christ, toge-
ther with eternal Life-They are to make a difference
between those who have been seduced by Ignorance and

33 Dr. Doddridge remarks on this verse-" Mr. Blackwall (Sacr. Class, vol. i. p. 164,) has shown by adequate authorities, that προεφήτευσε τουτοις may be rendered prophesied against these (see ver. 4.) Some have thought the coming of the Lord here mentioned, was his coming attended with angels, to bring on the deluge. If it refers to his coming to the universal judgment, it is a most remarkable testimony to a future state; not indeed in the Mosaic economy, but previous to it. And perhaps Moses omitting this (as I think it almost certain he knew it) is to be resolved into the restriction under which he wrote, agreeable to the principles which the learned Dr. Warburton has so largely stated in his Divine Legation," &c. &c.

Julian Pe

riod, 4779.

Vulgar Æra, 66.

MARTYRDOM OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL.

643

Weakness, and those who have erred from Pride and Cor- Probably
ruption of Heart-They are gently to reprove the for- Syria.
mer, and save others from the Destruction of Sin, by the
power of Terror, retaining the greatest hatred of their
Sins, lest they also should be infected by them.

17 But, beloved, remember ye the words which were
spoken before of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ;

18 How that they told you there should be mockers in the last time, who should walk after their own ungodly lusts.

19 These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit.

20 But ye, beloved, building up yourselves on your most holy faith, praying in the Holy Ghost,

21 Keep yourselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life.

22 And of some have compassion, making a differ

ence :

23 And others save with fear, pulling them out of the fire; hating even the garment spotted by the flesh.

JUDE 24, to the end.

The Apostle concludes by recommending them to God, who
alone can preserve them from the Contagion of Sin and
Error, and with his Doxology to God our Saviour, whose
Glory and Power will last throughout all Time and Eter-
nity.

24 Now unto him that is able to keep you from falling,
and to present you faultless before the presence of his
glory with exceeding joy,

25 To the only wise God our Saviour, be glory and majesty, dominion and power, both now and ever. Amen.

SECTION XVI.

Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul ".

34 As the Scripture is silent with respect to the martyrdom of St. Peter at Rome, many Protestant writers, Salmasius, Spanheim, Dr. Barrow, with Bishop Marsh, in his comparative view of the Churches of England and Rome, have endeavoured to prove that St. Peter was never in that city. Upon this point we have already made some observations; the evidence from the Fathers is too decisive to permit us to suppose there was no foundation for the general tradition that he was martyred in that city; neither are we even justified in attempting to weaken that evidence of the fathers, which we are willing to receive in other instances, when it confirms our opinions. The arrogant claims of the Church of Rome, that the bishop of that city is entitled, as the successor of St. Peter, to a spiritual supremacy over the other Churches and Bishops of the Christian world, has not the shadow of support in Scripture, nor any

Rome.

Julian Pe- solid foundation among the fathers of the three first centuries, Rome. riod, 4779. as the learned ornament of the English Church, Bishop Jewell, Vulgar Era, has abundantly demonstrated. It cannot then be necessary to

66.

reject the authority of early ecclesiastical history, because its
testimony has been perverted by a corrupt and apostate Church.
The original authorities, upon which the belief that St. Peter
was martyred at Rome about this time, are given at length by
Dr. Hales. They are selected from Eusebius, and references
are given to Dr. Lardner, wherever the passages had been pre-
viously selected by that theologian. He quotes-Clemens Ro-
manus, Epist. 1. ad Corinth. sect. 5.-Cobelerius Patres Apost.
vol. i. p. 148-Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth-Euseb. Eccles.
Hist. lib. xi. cap. 25. p. 68-Irenæus, Bishop of Lyons-Pearson
de annis primorum Romæ Episcoporum, cap. 2-Bishop Bur-
gess's first letter, p. 10-Tertullian of Carthage-Lardner,
vol. ii. p. 268-The Presbyter Caius, Euseb. Hist. Eccl. lib. ii.
cap. 25, p. 67-Origen. Euseb. H. E. lib. iii. cap. 1. or Lardner,
vol. vi. p. 541-Lactantius, Lardner, vol. vi. p. 541-Eusebius,
Bishop of Cæsarea, Lardner, vol. vi. p. 544—Ephrem. Syrus,
Lardner, vol. iv. p. 437-Jerome, Lardner, vol. vi. p. 544-Chry-
sostom, Lardner, vol. vi. p. 544-Theodoret, Lardner, vol. v. p.
201-Isidore, Lardner, vol. v. p. 309-Nicephorus Basnage
Anon. 42. Num. 10. Lardner, vol. vi. p. 543-Simeon Meta-
phrastes Coteler. Pat. Apos. vol. i. p. 148. Not. 39—the united
testimony of which is amply sufficient to warrant our reception
of the general tradition, which is well given by Cave.

Some circumstances are related which are not supported by
the best authorities, and which have too much the appearance
of legendary fable. Our Lord, it is said, appeared to St. Peter
as he was making his escape over the walls of Rome, at the re-
quest of the disciples, and told the apostle that he was coming
to Rome to be again crucified. St. Peter understood this as a
reproof, and returned to prison and to death. The stone on
which our Lord stood when he talked with St. Peter, bore, it is
added, the impression of his feet, and has ever been preserved
as a sacred relic: it is still in the church of St. Sebastian the
Martyr.

Omitting all such narratives, there is sufficient evidence to induce us to receive the common opinion, that having saluted his brethren, and taken his farewell of St. Paul, he was brought out of prison, and led to the top of the Vatican mount, where he was to be crucified. On his arrival there, he intreated the favour of the officers, that he might not be crucified in the usual manner, but with his head downwards, for he was unworthy to suffer in the same manner in which our Lord had suffered.

There is sufficient traditionary evidence also, to render it highly probable that the anticipations of St. Paul were realized, and that he was sacrificed in the reign of Nero. Three of the soldiers who conducted him to execution are said to have been converted by his discourse, and became themselves martyrs for the faith. He was beheaded with a sword, crucifixion being esteemed a death too disgraceful for a Roman citizen. Some have asserted that he suffered on the same day with St. Peter; others, that he was executed the year after; others, that several years elapsed before his death. Bishop Pearson is of opinion that St. Paul was martyred during the absence of Nero in Greece, when the command of the Pretorian Guards was left to Tigellinus and the government of the empire to Helius Cesarianus, one of the most profligate and abandoned men of that wicked age, Clemens Romanus affirms that St. Paul suffered death under the Governors, and not under Nero; and Bishop Pearson places the utmost confidence in bis testimony.

Cave quotes in confirmation of the tradition concerning St. Peter, Orig. lib. iii. in Genes. apud Euseb. Hist. Eccles. lib. iii. c. 1. p. 71; Hieron. de Script. Eccl. in Petr. p. 262; Heges. p. 279; Prudent. Peristeph. Hymn xi. in Pass. Petri, et Pauli ; and Chrysostom Serm. in Petr. et Pauli, p. 267, t. 6, and an equal number respecting St. Paul.-See his lives of the apostles, and the account in Dr. Lardner's Supplement to the Credibility.

As our Lord's prediction concerning the death of St. Peter is recorded in one of the four Gospels, it is very likely that Christians would observe the accomplishment of it, which must have been in some place; and, among Christian writers of ancient times, no other place was named beside Rome; nor did any other city ever glory in the martyrdom of St. Peter. There were in the second and third centuries disputes between the Bishop of Rome and other Bishops and Churches, about the time of keeping Easter, and about the baptism of heretics, yet none denied the Bishop of Rome to have, what they called the chair of St. Peter.

Eusebius, both in his Demonstration and in his Ecclesiastical History, bears witness to the same things-not now to insist on his Chronicle. In the former he says, "that St. Peter was crucified at Rome, with his head downwards, and St. Paul beheaded." In his Ecclesiastical History, speaking of Nero as the first persecutor of the Christians, he says, "that he put to death the apostles, at which time St. Paul was beheaded at Rome, and St. Peter crucified, as history relates. And the account," he says, "is confirmed by the monuments still seen in the cemeteries of that city, with their names inscribed upon them." And in another chapter of the same work he says, "that Linus was the first Bishop of Rome after the martyrdom of Paul and Peter." It is needless to refer to any more of the many places of this learned Bishop of Cesarea, where he appears to have been fully persuaded, that these two apostles accomplished their martyrdom at Rome.

35 Our Lord had solemnly declared, all manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men, but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven in this world, &c. The expression "in this world," may possibly refer to the destruction of Jerusalem. After the ascension of Christ, the Jews lived under the miraculous dispensation of the Holy Spirit, which constantly appealed to them by miracles, and by prophecy, as it had occasionally done among their fathers. They persevered, however, for forty years, wilfully and obstinately rejecting the truth of God, till the prediction of their rejected Messiah was fulfilled, and wrath came upon them to the uttermost. The accounts which are given to us by Josephus of the dreadful devastation of their country, the famine and bloodshed, the distress and total ruin of the whole nation, by which the prophecies of Moses and Christ were fulfilled, are so familiar, that it cannot be necessary to enter into the narrative. The fall of Jerusalem has left this memorable lesson to the worldthat nations and churches, however highly they may have been favoured by the protecting Providence of God, will assuredly be laid aside, and fall from their political greatness, if they neglect the service and obedience of him by whom kings reign, and empires flourish or decay.

645

Jerusalem.

Julian Pe

riod, 4799.

96.

SECTION XVIII.

Vulgar Ara, St. John writes the Apocalypse, (probably in the Year A.D. 96.) to supply the Place of a continued Succession of Prophets in the Christian Church, till the second coming of Christ to judge the World 6.

36"The testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy." After the deluge, and before the corruption of man became again universal, the receiving the divine influence by the spirit of prophecy, was common to the heads of the patriarchal families; and when the descendants of Abraham were set apart from the rest of the nations, to preserve the knowledge of the true God, a continued succession of prophets, from the time of Abraham to Malachi, predicted, with gradually increasing clearness, the minutest events of the life, death, and sufferings of Christ, and the fortunes and enlargement of the visi❤ ble Church, in a manner which, to the ancient Jews themselves, must frequently have appeared contradictory and incomprehensible.

As the same contest between good and evil is still proceeding in the world, which commenced with the fall of man, the observer of the plans of divine wisdom might naturally infer, that the same testimony of Jesus would in some manner be continued. The office of the ancient prophets was two-fold. They were the instructors and preachers to the people, and they were empowered to work miracles, or to foretel future events, to demonstrate the divine authority of their mission: and, as the probability of the distant fulfilment of their predictions was not uniformly effectual with the multitude, they predicted circumstances which should take place within a short time, and thus left the people without excuse, if they longer rejected the divine annunciation of distant predicted events. The Christian Church was provided with a succession of prophets in the first of these offices, but of the second it is left entirely destitute. No man has appeared in the Christian Church, since the death of the last of the apostles, who has been able certainly to predict the future, and yet the two former dispensations abounded with this proof of the divine origin of the one true religion. It does not seem probable that the best, and perhaps the last dispensation, should be thus deprived of one important branch of evidence, unless some adequate substitute were provided in its room; and we know of no other than the book of the Apocalypse, which, we might therefore infer, would abound with predictions to be gradually fulfilled, even if we had not been informed that it was a volume of prophecies. We are justified, therefore, in considering this book, with Lowman, Clarke, and others, as designed to supply the place of that continued succession of prophets, which demonstrated the continued providence of God to the Jewish and patriarchal churches.

The superiority of prophecy over miracles, as an evidence of Christianity, has been asserted by Bishop Warburton, and by many learned writers, as a continually increasing evidence. The great peculiarity of the prophecies of the Old Testament, is their gradual developement of the system of truth, as the world was able to bear it. The first prophecy of the seed of the woman, that is, of some one family of the descendants of Eve, was less definite than those which predicted in their order that he should descend from Abraham, from Isaac, rather than from Esau; from Judab, than from the other patriarchs; from

Asia Min