There were vacant at the commencement of the year 1869, according to the Annuario Pontificio:

Thus the actual number of prelates composing the upper Catholic Hierarchy throughout the world was 955.

The apostolical vicariates, the delegations, and prefectures in all parts of the world stand under the Congregatio de Propagandâ fide at Rome. The number of vicariates is one hundred and seven, of delegations five, and of prefectures twenty-three, ten of which were first founded by the present Pope Pius IX., who also raised 15 sees to metropolitan churches, and created five new archbishoprics and one hundred and eleven new bishoprics, chiefly in Great Britain and the United States of America.

Revenue, Army, and Population.

There has not been published any recent official account of the revenue and expenditure of the Pontifical Government. According

to semi-official statements the revenue, in the financial year 1865-66, amounted to 6,489,962 scudi, or 1,379,1177., and the expenditure to 12,671,156 scudi, or 2,192,5701. In the year 1866-67, the revenue is stated to have been 1,457,2407., and the expenditure 2,953,6121., and the same, with little difference, in the year 1867-68. The large annual deficits were covered partly by voluntary gifts of Roman Catholics in all parts of the world, and partly by loans. Rather more than one-half of the total revenue is derived from customs duties, and one eighth from the proceeds of a State lottery. The two great branches of expenditure are the cost of the army, and the interest of the Pontifical debt, the latter being stated to have amounted to 1,810,752l., or considerably more than the entire revenue, in the year 1867-68. According to the reports of Italian papers, the capital of the debt, at the commencement of 1869, was 825,000,000 lire, or 33,000,000l. By the terms of a convention signed Dec. 7, 1866, the Italian Government was bound to provide annually the sum of 15,230,145 lire, or 609,2067. in payment of the interest of so much of the debt as was calculated to represent the share of the provinces separated from the Pontifical States on the formation of the kingdom of Italy.

The army of the Sovereign-Pontiff, maintained at an annual cost of about 2,000,000 scudi, or 425,000l., is formed by enlistment, taking place in foreign countries as well as within the Papal States. The troops numbered, at the beginning of 1869, very nearly 10,000 men, composed as follows:

According to an official statement, the Papal army was commanded, in the summer of 1869, by 8 generals and 704 officers of inferior degree, who were divided as follows in regard to nation

ality:-464 natives of Italy, 129 of France, 59 of Switzerland, 20 of Belgium, 19 of Germany, 9 of the Netherlands, and 4 of Great Britain and Ireland.

The Pontifical navy, at the commencement of 1869, consisted of 13 vessels of various dimensions, carrying 280 men. The largest vessel is the yacht Immacolata Concezione, a screw steamer, termed a corvette, built in England, and carrying engines of 150 horsepower, and eight guns. The interior is fitted up for temporary occupation by the Pope. Next in size are the steamers San Pietro, 40 horse-power, 2 guns; San Giuseppe and Blasco, each 30 horsepower, 2 mortars, and seven sailing guardacostas or coastguard vessels.

The territory of the Sovereign-Pontiff, previous to 1859, embraced an area of 17,218 English square miles, with 3,124,668 inhabitants; but has since been reduced to 4,891 English square miles, with 692,106 inhabitants. Of the former twenty 'legations' and 'delegations' into which the territory was divided, only five remain, namely, Rome and the Comarca, with 326,509 inhabitants; Viterbo, with 128,324; Civita Vecchia, with 20,701; Velletri, with 62,013; and Frosinone, with 154,559 inhabitants. The city of Rome had a population of 180,359 in 1858; of 182,585 in 1859; of 184,049 in 1860; and of 194,587 inhabitants in 1861.

The last census of Rome for the year 1863 gives a population of 201,161 souls, an increase of 6,574 on that of 1861. Rome is divided into 54 parishes, the inhabitants of which are specified as follows, no notice being taken of the fluctuating population of foreigners. The city contains 34 cardinals, 36 bishops, 1,457 priests and clerks, 367 seminarists, 2,569 monks, 2,031 nuns, 660 male collegians, 1,674 female inmates of schools, 947 male inmates of charitable institutions, 1,180 female do., 40,827 families, 92,024 men, 87,819 women, 30,235 married men, 28,201 married women, 4,301 widowers, 9,447 widows, 59,015 bachelors, 50,171 spinsters, 5,175 soldiers, 387 prisoners; heterodox population, 311; and 4,490 Jews. According to this statement, the ecclesiastical population consists of 1,894 individuals of the secular clergy or priests, 2,569 of the regular clergy or monks, and 2,031 nuns-making, in all, 6,494. There are in Rome 6 seminaries, 19 colleges, 16 charitable institutions, 15 conservatories, 43 schools directed by nuns, and 56 religious orders—of which that of the Jesuits reckons most members, viz. 344, and that of the Armenians the fewest, viz. 1. The nuns belong to many classifications, and have been of late rapidly increasing. The order of the Jesuits, which has its head-quarters at Rome, has been rapidly increasing within the last few years. The number of the members of the order, at the end of the year 1863, was 7,529. They are distributed among 19 establishments, of which five are in

Italy, five in Germany and Belgium, three in France, two in Spain, and four in England and America. The Italian Jesuits number 1,617, the Austrian 362, the Belgian 576, the Dutch 236, the German 584, the French 2,266, the Spanish 868, the English 270, the Irish 139, and the American 350; the rest belonging to other nations. At Rome there are 344 Jesuits, and in the foreign missions 1,362, of whom 560 are French, 296 Spanish, and 260 Italians, the remainder being natives of other countries.

Trade.

The international trade of the Papal States is extremely small, although facilitated by the excellent port of Civita Vecchia. The commercial intercourse with the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined table, which gives the value of the exports from the Papal States to Great Britain and Ireland, and the imports of British and Irish produce and manufactures into the Papal States in each of the five years 1864-68:

The exports from the Papal States to the United Kingdom consist chiefly of bones of animals; while the British imports into the Papal States are mainly iron and coals, the former of the value of 8,000l., and the latter of about 6,000l. per annum.

average

There are four lines of railway in the Papal States, all in immediate connection with the network of railways in the Kingdom of Italy. They were constructed by a French Société anonyme, known as the 'Roman Railway Company,' authorised by decree of the Pontifical administration of Nov. 8, 1854, approved of subsequently by the Italian Government. Originally the company obtained a concession of the following lines:-From Rome to Civita Vecchia, 45 miles; from Rome to Ancona, 1767 miles; from Ancona to Bologna, 1283 miles; Ravenna branch, 25 miles; from Rome to Frascati, 63 miles; from Rome to Ceprano, 764 miles; and junctions connecting the various lines at Rome, 64 miles; making a total of 465 miles. By new arrangements with the Italian Government, this network was extended, by the line from Ceprano to Naples, which the company acquired, to 553 miles.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Italy are the same as those of France, the names only being altered, the Franc changing into the Lira, divided into 100 centisimi, the Kilogramme into the Chilogramma, the Mètre into the Metro, the Hectare into the Ellara, and so forth. In the Papal states alone, the old monetary denominations, represented by the Roman Scudo, worth 4s. 3d., and its subdivision into 10 Paoli, or 100 Bajocehi, are partly retained in common use, although abolished in 1867 in favour of the French metric system. Of the latter, the British equivalents are:

Statistica Amministrativa del Regno d'Italia. Riveduta ed ampliata per cura del Ministero dell' interno. 4. Firenze, 1869.

Annuario Pontificio. 8. Roma, 1869.

Annuario Generale dell' Industria e Commercio del Regno d'Italia per l'Anno 1868. 8. Firenze, 1869.

Annuario del Ministero delle Finanze del Regno d'Italia. 4. Firenze, 1869. Annuario Ufficiale della Marina Italiana. 4. Torino, 1869.

Bollettino Consolare pubblicato per cura del Ministero degli affari esteri di S. M. il Re d'Italia. 8. Torino, 1869.

Movimento della Navigazione Italiana all'Estero. Anno 1867. 4. Firenze,

1869.