CHAPTER XXII. INTERJECTIONS, Etc. 588. We call interjections one of the parts of speech because they are spoken and written as words; but they cannot enter into the construction of sentences, being only "thrown in between" them. They are half-way between ordinary language and the language of coughing, laughing, crying, and so on, which they are made to imitate. 589. Among commonly-written interjections are included I. Words used instead of an assertion to express feeling of various kinds: : (a) Surprise or wonder; as, oh, ah, lo, whew. (b) Pleasure, joy, exultation; as, oh, ah, aha, hey, hurrah. II. Words used instead of a question; as, eh? ah? hey? (a) To call attention; as, O, lo, ho, hem, hollo, ahoy. (b) To silence; as, hist, hush, whist, 'st, mum. (c) To direct, expel, and so on; as, whoa, gee, haw, scat. IV. Words used to imitate sounds made by animals, machines, and so on. As, bow-wow, ba-a-a, pop, bang, ding-dong, rub-a-dub, whiz, whir-r, patter. Notice the sound of such verbs and nouns as grunt, buzz, roar, crash, hiss, puff. Other Exclamatory Words. 590. Many ordinary words and phrases are often used independently as mere exclamations, when their real meaning is hardly thought of. So with (1) Nouns and pronouns: fire, nonsense, mercy, shame, what. (2) Verbs: help, behold, look, see, begone, hark, listen. (3) Adjectives: hail, well, welcome, strange, good, bravo. (4) Adverbs, prepositions, and phrases: out, indeed, how, why, back, forward; on, up; amen, O dear, dear me, farewell, adieu, good-by, good-day. 591. When such an expression, even though used alone, retains its original meaning, we may supply what is omitted, and treat the word as part of a sentence. Thus: Silence! (keep silence!) Good! (that is good!) 592. Sometimes, as when greatly excited, we abandon sentences altogether, and utter only the most important words; as, A sail! a sail! Now for the boats! Down with it! must be followed by an exclamation point when used in a very exclamatory way. EXERCISE 328. 1. Write sentences, using each of these words in the right way:O! ahoy! alas! what! ho! Oh! eh! pshaw! hark! sh! 2. Give five or ten words used to imitate different animals. 3. What animals do you think the following are made to imitate? tu-whit, tu-whoo; whir-r; buzz; chick-a-dee; whip-poor-will; twitter; chirp; bellow; whinny. CHAPTER XXIII. INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. [Review §§ 453-463.] I. INFINITIVES. 594. Infinitives are in their nature partly nouns. First, being names (of actions, etc.), they are nouns, and they have the uses of nouns. Secondly, though they cannot assert, they are like verbs in meaning and they take the same modifiers or complements. Thus in I wish to drive my horse slowly, to drive, like a noun, is the object of "wish," and, like a verb, it expresses action, has an object, “horse,” and is modified by an adverb, slowly." 66 A. KINDS OR FORMS. 595. Nearly every verb has two simple infinitives; as, (to) drive, driving; (to) run, running; named from their forms the Root-infinitive and the Infinitive in ing. 596. As verb-phrases are used instead of inflected forms, so too infinitive phrases are used instead of the simple forms to express certain changes of meaning. 597. A full list of infinitive forms and phrases will be found on page 249. Study it and give appropriate names to the following:To sing; to be lost; to have given; having found; printing; to have been writing; to be giving; to be given; being obeyed. B. USES, OR CONSTRUCTIONS. 598. Either infinitive may be used as 1. Subject, 2. Subjective Complement, or 3. Object of a verb. Making (promises) is [not] keeping (them). To have given (freely) is to be asked (for more). Thus: She prefers sitting (quietly). She prefers to sit (quietly). m (a) An infinitive may be used as the real subject of a verb to ex plain the anticipative subject it (§ 363); as, It is dangerous (to trifle with-temptation). (b) In these constructions the infinitive in ing may generally be substituted for the root-infinitive, and vice versa. 599. 4. The infinitive in ing may be the Object of a preposition. Thus: We are weary (with watching those men). (Of making many books) there is (no) end. (a) The root-infinitive is now used only after the prepositions about and but; as in I am about to go. They could do nothing (but fight). EXERCISE 329. Analyze these sentences, and parse the infinitives. [§ 604.] 1. To be good is to be happy. 2. It is impossible not to grow old. 3. Reading by twilight may injure the sight. 4. It is always best to tell the truth. 5. It was discouraging not to have been kindly received. 6. Seeming good is not being good. 7. Who would wish to be forgotten? 8. They refused to release the prisoner. 9. I have tried to do justice to everybody. 10. He dislikes being falsely accused. 11. The firm expects to be moving out to-morrow. 12. Do you regret having done no more? 13. We can improve by imitating good ex amples. 14. They know nothing about its having been written. 15. The dog did everything but speak to him. (a) It is also often used as a predicate adjectiv Such conduct is to be despised (is despi He appears to have lost his mind (appe 601. 6. The root-infinitive with to, onal phrase, may be used Adverbially eaning of a verb, an adjective, or an ad he purpose, cause, respect in which, etc. We need the money to pay (for paying NOTE. When used adjectively or adverbially the root-in eplaced by for (in, at, of, etc.) and the infinitive in ing. A good to drink (for drinking); forced to go (i regret to hear (at hearing); failed to come 602. 7. The root-infinitive is often he object of a verb as the Indirect Pre object and the infinitive being nearly e objective noun-clause. Thus: We believed it to be true = We believed the NOTE. This construction is most common after verbs n declare, command, permit, and the like, taking the place o But the infinitive after these verbs may sometimes be explain In "I believed him to be a liar," "him," though made obj "believed," is not meant to be separated from the following ph 603. After bid, let, make, see, hear, feel, an is used as indirect predicate without to. As in, (a) Need and dare sometimes take an object infinitive with |