SUMMARY OF RULES FOR CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION. Capital Letters. The first word of (1) a sentence, of (2) a line of poetry, of (3) a direct quotation making complete sense or a direct question introduced into a sentence, and of (4) phrases or clauses separately numbered or paragraphed should begin with a capital letter. Begin with a capital letter (5) proper names (including all names of the Deity), and words derived from them, (6) names of things vividly personified, and (7) most abbreviations. Write in capital letters (8) the words I and O, and (9) numbers in the Roman notation.1 Interrogation Point. A direct interrogative sentence or clause should be followed by an interrogation point. Exclamation Point. - An exclamatory expression should be followed by an exclamation point. Comma. - Set off by the comma (1) a phrase that is placed out of its natural order and made emphatic, or that is loosely connected with the rest of the sentence; (2) an explanatory modifier which does not restrict the modified term or combine closely with it; (3) a participle used as an adjective modifier, with the words belonging to it, unless restrictive; (4) the adjective clause when not restrictive; (5) the adverb clause, unless it closely follows and restricts the word it modifies; (6) a word or phrase independent or nearly so; (7) a direct quotation making complete sense and introduced into a sentence, unless it is formally introduced or is a noun clause used as subject; (8) a noun clause used as an attribute complement; and 1 Small letters are preferred where numerous references to chapters, etc., are made. (9) a term connected to another by or and having the same meaning. Separate by the comma (10) connected words and phrases, unless all the conjunctions are expressed; (11) connected predicates and other phrases, when long or differently modified, though no conjunction is omitted; and (12) co-ordinate clauses when short and closely connected. Use the comma (13) to denote an omission of words; (14) after as, namely, viz., to wit, that is, introducing examples or illustrations; and (15) whenever it will prevent ambiguity or make the meaning clearer. Semicolon. Co-ordinate clauses, (1) when slightly connected, or (2) when themselves divided by the comma, should be separated by the semicolon. Use the semicolon (3) between serial phrases or clauses having a common dependence on something which precedes or follows; and (4) before as, to wit, viz., namely, i.e., and that is, when they introduce examples or illustrations. Period. Place a period after (1) a declarative or an imperative sentence, (2) an abbreviation, (3) a number written in the Roman notation, and (4) Arabic figures used to enumerate. Colon. Use the colon (1) between the parts of a sentence when these parts are themselves divided by the semicolon, and (2) before a quotation or an enumeration of particulars when formally introduced. Dash. Use the dash where there is an omission (1) of letters or figures, and (2) of as, namely, viz., i.e., or that is, introducing illustrations or equivalent expressions. Use the dash (3) where the sentence breaks off abruptly, and the same thought is resumed after a slight suspension, or another takes its place; and (4) before a word or phrase repeated at intervals for emphasis. The dash may be used (5) instead of marks of parenthesis, and (6) may follow other marks, adding to their force. Marks of Parenthesis. - Marks of parenthesis may be used to inclose what has no essential connection with the rest of the sentence. Apostrophe. Use the apostrophe (1) to mark the omission of letters, (2) in the pluralizing of letters, figures, and characters, and (3) to distinguish the possessive from other cases. Hyphen. Use the hyphen (1) between the parts of compound words that have not become consolidated, and (2) between syllables when a word is divided. Quotation Marks. - Use quotation marks to inclose a copied word or passage. If the quotation contains a quotation, the latter is inclosed within single marks.1 Brackets. Use brackets to inclose what, in quoting another's words, you insert by way of explanation or correction. PROOF-READER'S MARKS. (From Webster's International Dictionary.) Illustrated on page 331. 8 (L. dele) Dele, or Delete; take out, or expunge. 9 Turn a reversed letter. A space, or more space, between words, letters, or lines. or Less space, or no space, between words or letters. Lor Carry a word farther to the left or to the right. ᄆ Indent. ୮ Elevate a letter, word, or character that is sunk below the proper level. 1 If, within the quotation having single marks, still another quotation is made, the double marks are again used. Sink a letter, word, or character raised above the proper level. Shows that a portion of a paragraph projects laterally beyond the rest. Directs attention to a quadrat or space which improp- Directs attention to a broken or imperfect type. Make a new paragraph. Put in Italic; also, change according to the mark in the margin, as from Italic to Roman, or from Roman to Italic. Put in small Capitals. Put in Capitals. Restore words that have been crossed out - stet being usually written in the margin. w.f. Wrong font; - used when a character is of a wrong size or style. tr. l.c. Transpose. Lower case; that is, put in small, or common, letters a word or letter printed in Capitals or small Capitals. Legend of Cædmond. Caps. I ᄆ There was in the monastery of Whit vby, oer which presided the Abbess S. Caps. S. Caps. Hilda a certain brother who had had/ A # learned theart of poetry, not from men, but from Gop; for having 9 & .c. lived in a secular Habit till he was wel advanced in years he had never] lead learned anything of versifying; for which reason, being sometimes at entertainments, where it was agreed for Stet. the sake of mirth that present all) tr. should sing, Χ I lead> tr. in their turns, when he saw the instrument come toward him, he rose up from the table and returned home. Having L dun so at a L done! certain time, and gone out of the house Rom. 1/ where the entertainment was to the tv/sable where he had to take care of the horses that he therecomposed Λ Co himself to rest In his to him, and saluting him, Cap. ae said, "caedmon sing some song to me" He answered, I cannot sing, for that was the reason why I left the en ୭ tertainment. Eccl. Hist tal. © Λ sleep a person appeared |