nouns, and explanatory modifiers (words in apposition) follow theirs. Adjectives precede their nouns: if of unequal rank, the one most closely modifying the noun stands nearest to it; if of the same rank, they stand in the order of their length-the longest nearest the noun if they precede it, the shortest nearest if they follow it. The object complement (the object) and the attribute complement (predicate noun or adjective) follow the verb; the objective complement (the second object) follows the object complement; and the so-called indirect object precedes the direct. An adverb precedes the adjective, adverb, or phrase which it modifies; precedes or follows the simple verb with its complement, and follows one or more words of the verb if this is compound. Phrases, with or without prepositions to introduce them, follow the words they modify; if two or more modify the same word, those most closely modifying it stand nearest to it.

Energy may be secured by the

II. Transposed Order of Words and Phrases. - One's meaning is never distributed evenly among his words; more of it lies in some than in others. Can we, in the placing of such words in the sentence, indicate that the meaning is heaped up in them that in them the thought is intense? We can, and for this reason what is customary does not attract attention, what in any noticeable respect is unusual at once becomes prominent. To place a word or phrase or clause where it usually stands in the sentence is not in any way to distinguish it; but to place it out of its wonted position is to proclaim that a heavier burden of thought is laid upon it than it ordinarily bears, heavier than any of its neighbors bears. As was said, the more important words are usually in the latter part of the sentence, the predicate. To bring such to the beginning of the sentence is to remove them farthest from their normal place,

and to give them the greatest possible emphasis that position can bestow.

Much has been said about the emphatic places in a sentence. The first place and the last place have been called the places of emphasis. But neither place gives emphasis to a word that usually stands there. It is an obvious and purposed removal of a word from its customary position that calls attention to it—the attention and the emphasis increasing with the distance moved. Words at or near either extreme of the sentence gain most, consequently, if moved to the other extreme. In this sense the first and last places are emphatic.

Words and Phrases Removable. When (1) adjectives that assume, in subject or predicate, are placed after their nouns; when (2) the object complement or (3) the explanatory modifier or (4) the attribute noun or (5) the attribute adjective or (6) an adverb in the predicate or (7) a phrase with or without a preposition to introduce it is carried to the front, we have a common instance of the transposed sentence. When any of these words or phrases, moved to the beginning, drags after it the verb or a part of it, changing wholly or in part the order of subject and predicate, the extreme case of transposition and the limit of energy depending upon it are reached. Moving any part of the predicate from its usual place to a place nearer the end of the sentence is slightly to emphasize it. Even in the use of the figure of speech called comparison, or simile, force is gained if we place first that part of it which begins with like, as, etc.

Notice that it is not said that removing words or phrases from their customary place gives energy to the whole sentence strength is added only to those parts which it is plainly seen have been moved.

Direction. Name the parts of these sentences that have been moved out of their usual position, restore them to their customary place, and note the loss of energy : —

1. Beyond that I seek not to penetrate the veil.

2. Two hundred and eighty-five years has this church been at work.

3. Partakers in every peril, in the glory shall we not be permitted to participate?

4. Then and there was hurrying to and fro.

5. Sweet are the uses of adversity.

6. A spirit, aerial, informs the cell of hearing, dark and blind. 7. A torrent, terrible and strong, it sweeps to the abyss.

8. On some of them had risen the Sun of Austerlitz.

9. At ten minutes before five o'clock, on the tenth of Jan., 1860, the Pemberton Mill, all hands being on duty, fell.

10. Two hundred and fifty years ago, our fathers lighted a feeble watch-fire on the Rock of Plymouth.

II. Thus opened and closed the great campaign.

12. Slowly, under the rolling smoke of those great guns, the Old Guard advanced.

13. Sullen and sulky have we returned from the very field of honor.

14. All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven. 15. Me didst thou constitute a priest of thine. 16. For four long years it was fire fighting fire. 17. Out she swung.

18. Around no Homeric battle-field hung the terrific sublimity of the field of Waterloo.

19. On the ridges fronting them were planted 300 pieces of

cannon.

20. The roar of death from those 300 cannon throats they heard undismayed.

21. The best omen is our country's cause.

22. Directly given it is nowhere.

23. Never before had the Arctic borne such a host of passengers.

24. By terrible blows he drove the enemy, by swift and silent marches he flanked him.

25. "The supreme writer of his century" Burke has been called by De Quincey.

Direction. — Bring in sentences illustrating these seven methods of transposition, place the words and phrases in the natural order, and note the loss of vigor.

LESSON 60.

TRANSPOSED ORDER OF WORDS AND PHRASES.

Direction. - Do with these sentences as directed with those

above:

1. So Oliver Cromwell held Ireland; so Wm. III. held it; so Mr. Pitt held it; and so the Duke of Wellington might perhaps have held it.

2. Beyond them lay fame and honor and victory.

3. In peace or in convulsion, by the law or in spite of the law, through the Parliament or over the Parliament, reform must be carried.

4. The gleam of the lances and the glittering of the cuirasses they eyed unswerving.

5. Victors must we be in that struggle.

6. Such, Sir, was the conduct of the South.

7. All history, public and private, recounts the courage and the sufferings of soldiers.

8. Even so have societies their law of growth.

9. Shoulder to shoulder they went through the Revolution. 10. Favorites of the Mother Country they might have found in their situation a guarantee of the fostering care of Great Britain. II. That Union we reached only by the discipline of our virtues in the severe school of adversity.

12. No more shall grief of mine the season wrong.

13. Above the crackle and the roar, a woman's voice rang out like a bell.

Direction. Recast these sentences so that there shall be two illustrating each of the seven methods of transposition spoken of:

I. Those iron-throated monsters spoke all night long.

2. Verres, both as quæstor and as prætor, was guilty of shameful outrages.

3. They were to move now for that dear master against those unconquerable squares.

4. I do not discourage, I do not condemn this.

5. They were toil-worn, and few in numbers.

6. A definition of style is proper words in proper places.

7. Society did never before witness a total prohibition of all intercourse like this.

8. The banner of St. George floated in triumph over their heads. 9. I shall defend and exercise this high constitutional privilege within this House and without this House and in all places.

10. They, friends before, now became lovers.

II. Adversity is the iron key to unlock the golden gates of prosperity.

12. Do not appear in the character of bloody, violent, vindictive, and tyrannical madmen.

13. Many and great heroes illumine the pages of history.

14. The compass and the swell of notes are vast for terror, joy, or pity.

Find in oratory and in poetry as many sentences aptly

illustrating these transpositions.

LESSON 61.

OMISSION OF WORDS EASILY SUPPLIED.

Often intense energy may be secured by the

III. Omission of Words easily Supplied. - Words, as Spencer remarks, are sometimes a "hindrance to thought,"