37. The Bible has and will be read by millions.

38. Preserve the right of thy place, but stir not questions of jurisdiction; and rather assume thy right in silence, and de facto, than voice it with claims and challenges.

39. She carried two flags

an American and English.

40. The walls were very defaced.

41. Threatening to cut my head off once a quarter.

42. I propose to trace the growth and development of these opinions by means of extracts from his letters.

43. Fare beyond the city limits for adults, three cents.

44. The elder of the two sisters was not yet twenty, and they had been educated since they were about twelve years old and had lost their parents, on plans at once narrow and promiscuous, first in an English family, and afterwards in a Swiss family.

45. Our times do not suffer by comparison with the times of Elizabeth, though these are called the good old times.

46. In several instances, Mr. Gould would not have taken the Dean to task had he known English better.

III. Upon the Arrangement of Words, Phrases, and Clauses.

IV. Upon the Unity of the Sentence. (Long sentences and long

parentheses, Lesson 43.)

LESSON 44.

IMAGERY.

THE COMPARISON.

Things First Known and Named. Our first knowledge is of concrete things-objects in the outer, the material, world. Some of these things we only see or hear, some we see and touch, and some we see, touch, taste, and smell. By the use of our senses we learn the diverse qualities of things, and we learn to distinguish things by their qualities. This knowledge we begin early to acquire, we acquire it all through life; and, having to deal often with the same objects, we learn again and again the lessons they teach. With no other things are we so familiar as with those of the outer world, of no other knowledge are we so certain as of this, and no other words do we use with the clearness and ease with which we handle those denoting the objects of our senses.

And what is true of us individually is true of the race taken as an individual. It was long engrossed with what appealed so powerfully to the senses the objects of the material world. Some of these objects were seen less frequently than others, and so were less thoroughly known. In process of time men came to think of things which they could not see or hear, touch, taste, or smell abstract things, such as honesty, truth, health, strength; and things of the inner world, such as spirit, recollection, deliberation. Thinking of the new things of the inner world or of the outer, men would soon wish to speak of them. But the day for forming new words from new roots was then past. And even if it had not been, it was obvious that the old words,

if they could be used, would be better understood. It was soon seen that the old words could be put to these new uses. They were, and on this principle things, wherever they exist, stand in many striking relations to each other. In certain remarkable qualities and offices, real or imagined, things are (1) like each other, or (2) unlike each other, or, speaking generally, (3) they are connected by some other natural law, or relation. Things which men know to be connected in any of these ways are so associated in men's minds that one thing readily suggests the other.

Basis of Imagery. Upon the basis of these real or fancied relations between things rests the possibility of setting one of these things over against the other, or of speaking of one of them in the terms that denote the other.

Figures of Speech-Images-are those expressions in which, departing from our ordinary style, we assert or assume any of these notable relations. As images are used in all kinds of discourse, imagery may well be regarded as a quality of style.

Figures of speech of all kinds are invaluable, because, as we have seen, they convey the thought more clearly than plain language could, and thus make it easier of apprehension. They multiply the resources of language, too, enabling us to use the same word in many senses. They beautify style while being of service to the thought-a diamond pin may adorn while it does toilet duty.

A comparison, or simile, is a figure of speech in which a likeness is pointed out or asserted between things in other respects unlike.

Its rhetorical value lies mainly in the fact that it makes the thought easy of apprehension.

Direction.

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Substitute, occasionally, plain language for the figurative, and note the loss of distinctness and of beauty :·

1. Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel.

2. Their ranks are breaking like thin clouds before a Biscay gale. 3. How often would I have gathered thy children together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her wings!

4. His words were shed softer than leaves from the pine, and they fell on Sir Launfal, as snows on the brine.

5. The Kingdom of God is like a grain of mustard seed, is like leaven hid in three measures of meal.

6. A wordy writer commands his language as a rider governs the horse that is running away with him.

7. The blood dropped out of her cheeks, as the mercury drops from a broken barometer tube.

8. The little bird sits at his door in the sun, atilt like a blossom among the leaves.

9. With wings folded, I rest on mine airy nest, as still as a brooding dove.

10. Their lives glide on like rivers that water the woodland. 11. Cowards whose hearts are all as false as stairs of sand, with livers white as milk.

12. Poets commonly have no larger stock of tunes than a hand organ has.

13. It [mercy] droppeth as the gentle rain from Heaven upon the place beneath.

14. She sat like Patience on a monument, smiling at grief.

15. She let concealment, like a worm in the bud, feed on her damask cheek.

16. A fatal habit settles upon one like a vampire, and sucks his blood.

17. Over thy wounds now do I prophesy, which, like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips.

18. The vulgar intellectual palate thinks nothing good that does not go off with a pop like a champagne cork.

19. She saw my statue, which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts, did run pure blood.

20. As fire drives out fire so pity, pity.

Direction. Find apt resemblances, and complete the comparisons here begun :