connected with that respect for the feelings of stances of this general respect for property have our neighbors, which constitutes what is called occurred to me in travelling in France. I once manners. This is carefully inculcated in child- forgot my umbrella in diligence going to Borren of all ranks in France. They are taught to deaux, in which I travelled as far as Tours. My do what is pleasing and agreeable to others. umbrella went on to Bordeaux, and returned to We are too apt to undervalue this spirit, as tend- Tours in the corner of the coach, without being ing merely to superficial accomplishments, to appropriated by any of the numerous passengers, empty compliment in words, and unmeaning or workpeople, who must have passed through appearance in acts. But, in reality, this refer-it on so long a journey, and have had this stray ence to the feeling of others in all we do, is a unowned article before them. I once travelmoral habit of great value where it is generally led from Paris to Boulogne with a gentleman diffused, and enters into the home training of who had come up the same road a few days beevery family. It is an education both of the fore. We were conversing on this very subject, parent and child in morals, carried on through the honesty of the people in general, and he the medium of external manners. Our lower recollected having left on the table of one of and middle classes are deficient in this kind of the inns half a basket of grapes, worth about family education; and there is some danger that 12 sous, which, he said, he was sure he would the parents in those classes may come to rely find safe. On arriving, he asked the waiter if he too much with us, for all education, upon the had seen the grapes, and they were instantly parish and Sunday schools. It is but reading, produced, as a matter of course, out of a press writing, reckoning, and the catechism, after all, in which they had been carefully put away as that can be taught a people by the most perfect property not belonging to the house. It is the system of national school education; and those diffusion and exposure of property in small acquirements would be dearly bought if they in- things, among a nation of small proprietors, that terfere with, or supersede family instruction and produce this regard for its safety even in trifles, parental example, and admonition in the right this practical morality. It is not the value lost, and wrong, in conduct, morals, and manners. It but the injury to the feeling of ownership, which is a fine distinction of the French national char- constitutes the criminality, or rather the injury, actor, and social economy, that practical moral-in many petty aggressions on property; and reity is more generally taught through manners, spect for the feelings of others enters into the among and by the people themselves, than in any manners and morals of the French.-Laing's country in Europe. One or two striking in- Notes of a Traveller.

SAXONY.

and by Russia, countenanced and praised by Eng land, they triumphed at Dresden, at Berlin, at ATTENTION has been drawn to Saxony by the Cassel, and everywhere else. What is the result? death of the late reigning prince of that country, Why, that Germany is absolutist, and of course killed by a kick from a horse. It might have that it worships the present type of absolutism, seemed difficult for a dynasty to make itself so which is Russia. Even Austria herself, when in completely strange to the interests, ideas, tastes, clined to pursue a liberal and independent course, and tendencies of the people over which it rules, receives nothing but discountenance and opposi as the Saxon princes have done. The population tion in the attempt. If we had wanted a Gerof that country are traders, manufacturers, Prot- many to withstand the dictatorship of Russia, we estants, and liberals; yet their kings, never look- should have supported a free, an independent, a ing beyond the court circle, are Roman Catholic, liberal Germany. But we did nothing of the reactionary, and anti-constitutional. We have kind. Both England and France displayed coldscen the late king lustily cheered on the review-ness and contempt, and even in one or two inground at Windsor, and we have also seen him stances practical hostility, to the liberal and conenter his good town of Leipsic, when not a sin- stitutional efforts of the Germans. And we are gle citizen uttered a sound, or even doffed a hat to him, so universally was he detested and contemned.

now repaid, in our struggle with Russia, by the sluggish indifference of German liberals and the active enmity of German absolutists.-Examiner, 19 August.

It is complained that the Saxon government is Russian, and that the change of sovereigns will make no difference. Of course not. Wurtemberg is Russian, Saxony is Russian, Hesse is Russian. All the small states are Russian. Why? Because in the German struggles and convulsions of a few years back, the constitutional and liberal party was beaten everywhere, crushed, proscribed," Could a Christian be a magistrate in Turkey? Could he

From the Examiner.

THE CADI.

be a Cadi?"-MR. COBDEN, in the House of Commons.

SUCH were the questions triumphantly put

scouted, trodden down. Those who gained, and kept the ascendant, and who received loud praises for their firmness and conservatism even amongst ourselves, were the retrograde, the abso- by Mr. Cobden in one of the late debates on lutist, the aristocratic party. Backed by Austria the war, when, after asserting that the Chris

tians in Turkey were not only shorn of all the liberty but also of all the law they are entitled to, he saw the contradictory Mr. Layard shake his head.

of unsweetened coffee, when I ask the Cadi if he has had much professional business lately. He says yes; and adds that it has been chiefly with the Greeks, who have grown very troublesome. He The questions have certainly a puzzling shakes his head doubtingly when he speaks of that look. When Mr. Cobden says a Christian can- done with them. "I am like a certain father," says people, and he fears there is nothing good to be not be a Magistrate, and cannot be a Cadi, the Cadi, again illustrating his opinion by an andoes he mean that a Cadi being a Magistrate, ecdote, "who had three sons. My eldest always a Magistrate is a Cadi, and a Christian can be tells me the truth; he is the Osmanli. My secneither? We do not scruple to say that we ond always tells me falsehoods; he is the Zingawere much embarrassed by Mr. Cobden's ri, or the Bulgarian. And when I have to deal questions, and we cannot say that we found perfect enlightenment even in Mr. Layard's counter questions: Can a Roman Catholic Bishop be Lord Chancellor? Can he be Archbishop of Canterbury?

with either of these, I know how to act; but my third son tells me sometimes truth and sometimes falsehood; he is made up of cunning, and deceives me always. He is the Greek, and I never know how to treat

him.

However, the matter has since cleared up a In other words, the Greek puzzled the Cadi little. It is something to know what a Cadi as Mr. Cobden did ourselves and the House really is, and what his duties are, and whether of Commons. He did not tell an untruth in so or not he performs them satisfactorily; and many words, but he suggested it in a couple happening to find this information in the of questions artfully combined. That third son agreeable pages of Household Words, where a of the Cadi must have been at his elbow. Who Roving Englishman, whose little book was no- but a Greek could so skilfully have presented ticed in these pages the other week, describes as synonymous the terms of two questions, to a Cadi of his acquaintance, we have had some light also thrown incidentally on Mr. Cobden's queries.

The Cadi is an august apparition, and I sit in a kiosch or summer-house which overlooks the sea, conversing with him. We are having one of those dear dreamy conversations that I used to love in old time, when I lived among the quaint

and simple scholars of pleasant Germany. But I think the conversation of the Cadi is still more quaint and simple. There is a delightful and childlike gravity about it which refreshes and improves me as I listen.

which the answers, if correctly given, must be in terms exactly opposite? Put them not as questions, but assertions. Say that a Christian cannot be a Magistrate, and cannot be a Cadi; and the one proposition is as false as the other proposition is true. Could anything more happily have hit off the character attributed by the Cadi to the sayings of his third son the Greek? Really Mr. Cobden must be more careful of the sources to which he applies in future for information about the East. The honorable gentleman may have trouble with that boy, next session, if he puts too much confidence in him.

Let me describe the Cadi. He is a tall, fair man, beautiful as the hero of an eastern tale. He wears a snow-white turban on his head, and flowing can be a magistrate in Turkey, he cannot be The sober truth is, that though a Christian robes of a texture at once rich and delicate. I the kind of magistrate who is called a Cadi. am sorry, upon the whole, that the Cadi wears He can be an Åmbassador to foreign courts; the British shoc, because I think he would look for a most popular and estimable Christian better in Turkish slippers. I would rather not

look at his feet, therefore; my eyes repose with now fills that post with us. He can be Prince much greater pleasure on the chaplet of amber of Servia, Hospodar of Moldavia and Wallabeads which he is playing with, and on his digni- chia, and fill all offices subordinate to those fied and manly beard. His face wears an expres- dignitaries. Nay, more than this. The chrission of habitual good humor, and there is that tian patriarchs, bishops, and clergy have general sunny openness about it which bespeaks maintained, in Syria and the Holy Land, all a clear conscience. If I were a prisoner I should the privileges and immunities which they enlike to be judged by the Cadi, for I am sure that joyed previously to the Ottoman occupation his judgment would be tempered with mercy; think you might believe in the Cadi's word as

implicitly as in that of the best gentleman in Europe. I feel instinctively that he is incapable of anything tricky or vulgar. There is something at once simple and grand about the man. He commands immediate friendship and respect from all who know him.

of the country; and as extensive domains appertain to Christian monasteries, and great civil power and dignity is associated with the episcopal office, all such trusts and duties fall of right to the Christian.

Mr. J. Fergusson Bowen, now Government Secretary for the Ionian Islands, and well acquainted with Greek institutions and with the After pipes and conversation, the Cadi be- language, has clearly explained these magistecomes professionally communicative: rial duties as connected with the episcopal. His authority may be enough perhaps even to Then we are again at peace until after a cup convince Mr. Cobden that though a Christian

cannot be a Cadi, he is not therefore necessa-vive in the capital; and it proves that France rily deprived of all law, even in the dominions can support a distant war without her internal of the Ottoman. life ceasing to be free and regular."

The Greek community is presided over by the bishop, who settles all civil causes amongst his co-religionists, if Turks are not concerned in them. This is the practice throughout the Turkish dominions; and the immense powers which it confers on the Greek bishops give them a good right to the title of despot, that is, Lord or Master, which is assigned them by both Turks and Greeks. In fact, the Metropolitan Bishop is generally the most important functionary after the Pacha of a Province; and if supported by the English, French, and Russian Consuls, can ordinarily procure from Constantinople the removal of any Turkish official who may have made himself obnoxious to the Christians.

Thus France, taking up arms against her enemy, fêting her Emperor, listening to the immortal voice of the first Napoleon, while the present ruler exemplifies the firm order of af fairs by returning to enjoy freedom and ease in rustic abodes, presents a picture, a little studied perhaps, but still very striking.-Spectator, 19th August.

From Bentley's Miscellany.

THE NIGHTINGALE.

My aviary was full of harmony; only one instrument was wanting to bring it to perfection. Peri was entering upon his second FRANCE presents a singular picture in the heard. summer, and his voice had never yet been midst of the great war by which she with the felt. One shook his head, and said there Some anxiety was beginning to be help of England is coercing the potentate of the North. The Emperor, escaping for a space from never was a proverb without foundation; that the cares of state, is rusticating with his Empress if nightingales did sing in cages, that was the in the mountains, while his loving subjects are exception, and did not impugn the rule. Ancelebrating the fête of his anniversary in the other said that a nightingale must be solitary capital and the provincial towns, and the voice at all events; and that, whatever it might do of the first Napoleon is speaking from his tomb in a cage, it was nonsense to suppose it would to the veterans of the last war in accents of pa- sing in an aviary with other birds. A third ternal care. M. Achille Fould, the Finance Min- hoped that, after all, Peri would not turn out ister, publishes a report, confirmed by the decree to be a female; and, in short, I began myself of the reigning Emperor, specifying how eight to think that I must be content with loving millions of francs shall be divided among the veterans of the last war, and among those who suffered in the great military events of the war, or their survivors; a contribution towards carry. ing out the will by which the first Napoleon appropriated two hundred millions of francs to the same purpose. Thus, while the people are rejoicing in their present Emperor, the power and benevolence of the first of the race is presented in an enduring form. The several camps which have been prepared to reinforce the armies of France during the progress of the war also come into the picture.

him because he loved me, when, one day as I sat reading in the aviary at the hour when there generally was silence there, the birds taking their siesta on their artificial tree, and Peri concealed in his dark cage, there suddenly shot up through the ceiling and away

up

to heaven such a note, a clear, full, prolonged note of such unutterable sweetness and liquid music as the dullest ear, capable of receiving sounds, could never confound with any other earthly tone. I am perfectly Yet the great master of the land, after receiv- and simply sincere in saying so! It was a ing the compliments of the people of Bayonne, note of triumph; but of that pure, ineffable is off to the mountains, discoursing freely with triumph which gives the glory where it is due the people whom he meets, or going to more for some extraordinary gift made perfect. solitary scenes where there are no people. Now With shame I confess its effect upon myself; you see the Empress sitting on a bench, the Em- I burst into tears! It was but one single peror at her feet on the grass; next he is rowing note, and lasted not more, perhaps, than ten one of his faithful attendants, a companion in

former and less brilliant days, across the Nive,
to view the scenery from the opposite side.
There was some question as to the reason of
the Emperor's absence: we were sure that there
was a reason, and perhaps a part of it may be
conjectured from an expression which he let fall
in reply to the address from the Bishop of Ba-
yonne-

seconds; but I knew, I felt, though I saw him not, that it was the nightingale. The spell was broken; and, although he uttered not another note for two or three days, I felt from that moment that I possessed a treasure which no money could purchase from me. The next time I heard him was three days after, when, coming out of his cage, he placed himself on "My presence on this day at Bayonne is a earth round the branch of ilex, exactly oppothe little ledge of wood which kept in the fact which I mention with pleasure; for it proves site to me as I sat at breakfast; and there, that France, calm and happy, no longer feels any of those apprehensions which oblige the head looking full in my face, he rewarded me,-ay! of the state to be always armed and on the qui had he died the moment after, for all my

care and all my tenderness. He was a per- song as in form, is elegance; refined, intellecfect nightingale! In winter I brought him, tual, aristocratic elegance. There are those, in his cage, to my sitting-room; and there he also, who say they are not beautiful. No, accompanied me when I played the harp, in they are not beautiful if beauty consists in a manner that could leave no doubt upon any variety of colors, or in gay plumage; but, to cultivated ear, that he purposely varied and him who can behold the grace and elegance adapted his harmony to whatever I might be of their classic forms, clothed in that rich nutplaying and he showed preference for some brown which is neither sad nor gay, but, like music over others. Oh, no! let it not be their song, subdued, elegant, pure, and chaste, believed that it is only the rarity of the night-throwing back the golden tinge with which ingale's voice to English ears, or its only sing- the admiring sun would sometimes bedeck ing when other birds are silent, that causes it them; or look on that large, black, and most to be so highly praised: it is most prized sentimental eye, without feeling that there is where it is most common. I never heard an more than beauty there; to him I must again Italian speak of a nightingale but in tones of exclaim, alas! for his organization. I do not rapture and enthusiasm. And it is not true say it as meaning that such a one is fit for all that it only sings when other birds are silent. that is said of him " who hath not music in It sings while it remains in the country-for his soul;" but I say it in pure and unaffected even central Italy is too cold for it in winter pity for the enjoyment of which he is deprived. quite as much and as continuously as other The first time I became fully aware of the birds. And oh! who that has ever sat listening extraordinary power and expression of a to a nightingale not far distant, on an acacia nightingale's eye was upon the occasion of my bough or some other tree shedding perfume pursuing and catching one in my aviary-not on the dewy evening air, while a misty veil is my Peri, but one which had been previously creeping over the loveliness of nature, until given to me full-grown, and which accordingly every sense, blending into one delightful con- made its escape very soon after. It struggled sciousness of being, gives an idea of what per- wildly against my hand for a moment, but fect happiness may be; who that has enjoyed when finding itself hopelessly a prisoner, nevthis could endure to hear it said that in those er have I thought without pain, though it hapstrains there is nothing peculiar? nothing su- pened years ago, of the look of intensely reperior to all other birds? Alas! alas! for the proachful, but gently reasoning inquiry which organization of him who says so! With those it sent, purposely, consciously sent through my who say that it is impossible to define in what eyes into my very soul: saying most intelligiconsists the superiority of the nightingale's bly, "How can you justify this to yourself? singing, I can perfectly agree; for who has I let it go at once. Another more agreeable sounds or signs to convey an idea of such instance occurred to me. A person with whom superiority? Poets have said truly that it is I was conversing, looking towards the nighta pensive melody, while that of birds in gene- ingales I now have, observed to me that one ral is joyous; but those have gone too far who of them had a blade of grass growing, as it have pronounced it the voice of melancholy were, out of its beak. I took no notice until or lamentation. On the contrary, no sounds my friend repeated his observation, adding I have ever heard convey to me such an idea that the bird seemed gasping. I then took it of pure, exalted, perfect, ineffable happiness; into my hand, which, though very unusual, it happiness not of this world, but of that kind did not at all resist, and as I perceived it realwhich we may suppose to be felt by beings ly was gasping, I drew out the blade of grass who only visit it in the summer season and in from its mouth, of which it had swallowed the happier climes, to taste of all it has best, nearly half a finger length with its bulbous and to withdraw ere the wintry hour cometh. root, but of which it could not manage the In the answering of other birds to each other rest; and, once again was shot into my soul a at the evening concert, we generally detect a soul-proceeding look of gratitude which absochallenging, even rivalry, as to who can sing lutely startled not only me but my companion; best, if not loudest; but when, and it is rare- and nothing in this world could now persuade ly, two nightingales are heard together, who me that nightingales are not very much more could fail to be struck with the soft, sweet, highly organized than is generally supposed. elegant reserve of a high, refined, and gra- Another peculiarity of theirs at least as far cious nature? won, as it were, each by the as my experience goes, it is peculiar to them charm of the other to give forth their medita- in the manner and extent of it-is that, while tions on the higher and happier mysteries of other birds when hesitating whether or not creation! I never have heard, during the to trust the hand that offers them food, keep many years which I have now listened to looking at the food as they advance to or recede them, those contemplative evening songs with- from it, at most casting a shy furtive glance at out this idea occurring to me. One of the the offerer, as if to see whether they are obstriking characteristics of the nightingale in served, or may safely steal, the nightingale,

when he begins to think of trusting you, looks | ing his look of intelligence and communication up openly, candidly, inquiringly into your eyes, into my eyes, he rapidly uttered what we and asks if he may indeed trust you. I am should call a jabbering remonstrance or enperfectly convinced that every one who has treaty, just raising his voice to what we should studied the real, unadulterated nightingale call the speaking tone and I could no more with sympathy and affection, will confirm all I have resisted that appeal than if he had uthave said upon this subject. Such persons tered it in English! He repeated the same will also, no doubt, have observed what I call thing on another occasion. "the ecstasy" of nightingales, that is, after Leo was in one of his tyrannical moods, for having been taken in the hand or otherwise he was rather of a fitful temper. Dear bird! much frightened, they become fixed, as it were of whom I may truly say, "I loved thee for ecstatic. They remain perfectly still, looking thy virtues, and for thy faults I believe I loved out on vacancy, and neither heed the voice thee still more. He took it into his head to nor the offer of food, or even the attempt to break the thread which prevented his passing reseize them; and this state continues some- into Peri's cage, drove him out, and took postimes for half-an-hour, sometimes for longer, session of it. I knew nothing of this, as it after the cause of alarm, or, as I believe it to occurred during my absence from the aviary; be, of offended delicacy or dignity is past. but no sooner was I within the door on my The first time I saw this I thought the bird return than Peri, who seldom went upon the was about to drop dead. I afterwards came to ilex branch, started out from the centre of it, understand it better, and then it became to me and, thus arresting my attention, and fixing inexpressibly affecting, as intense silent emo- his eyes upon mine, once more repeated his tion always is. Seeing a human being thus, most peculiar, rapid, jabbering complaint; we should suppose him wrapt, absolutely wrapt and, although I cannot tell how or why, I perin prayer or inspiration. No intimacy, no do- fectly understood in one moment all that had mestication, prevents this strange seizure. Pe- occurred. No sooner had I chased Leo out ri flew constantly upon my hand, upon my of the cage, and replaced its temporary hinshoulder, or my lap; would eat out of my ges, than Peri, who had anxiously watched mouth, and when I placed a worm under my the whole process, flew down from the branch, hand, would force his beak between my fin- and, with their peculiar, noiseless, mouse-like gers to get at it; and yet if I seized him mode of escape, slipped into it, and remained unawares, or against his will, he would there until, doubtless, he believed the giant's fall into that ecstatic state, and more than wrath had evaporated. And what became of once remained in it on my bosom, where this intelligent, beautiful, and pleasure-giving I had placed him in order to let him fly creature? I sent it, also in its own cage and away. What I am about now to say I do not with all its appurtenances, to another friend give on my own authority, but I believe it whose villa was about a mile distant, through without difficulty, from the equally curious a winding, woody road, and on a different things which I have seen; from the universal- elevation from mine. Notwithstanding all ity of the belief of it here; and from the as- this, he who scarcely ever left his cage even surances of those on whose words I rely, and when it was open, made his escape, came who themselves have seen it. It is that, home, and was taken in his old, but then when the nightingale who is hatching her empty, aviary. Are domesticated birds not young brood finds out, by her marvellous in- happy then? He was consigned to the kind stinct, that the nest has been profaned by the old priest already alluded to, thoroughly skillhand of man, she immediately poisons her off-ed in the management of birds, and by whom spring; preferring their death to their slavery. But how does she know that slavery will ensue? I am told however that this Roman heroism is not confined to nightingales.

he also had been nursed in his infancy for me, and who, I am convinced, would have sacrificed a finger to have been able to bestow him upon me a second time; but, alas! who can minister to the mind diseased? My Peri died in a few days of a broken heart.—S. C.

From the Examiner, 19 Aug.

CUBA AND THE SLAVE TRADE. HARDLY had the first intimation of revolution

Again, nightingales are the only birds which I have ever observed to endeavor, untaught, to make themselves understood by us through sounds. Nightingales positively do. The first time I observed this, was when I put a strange nightingale into the cage with Peri. He was excessively annoyed and alarm-ary disturbance at Madrid reached Washington, ed, and for some time fluttered and flew wild- when President Pierce, in a message to the Senly through his cage, as birds generally do on with Cuba by an ill-disguised threat against the ate, reopened the question of American relations such occasions; but, as if recovering his pre- Spanish Government. Mr. Pierce no doubt sees sence of mind, he presently flew upon the up- very clearly that there is only one effectual mode per perch, and, putting his face close up to of retaining Cuba as a possession of Spain. A mine, which was peering over him, and look-day or two before the session closed, Lord John