The independent clauses joined to form compound sentences may be (1) in the same line of thought, the second adding to the first, the third adding to the first and second, and so on; they may be (2) adversative to each other, presenting thoughts in contrast or in alternation; or they may express thoughts one of which shall be (3) a consequence of the other, or (4) an inference from it. They are usually connected by conjunctions, but they may stand joined by their very position in the sentence -connected without any conjunction expressed.

Direction. Classify these sentences according to the relations of their clauses to each other, and note the conjunctions, when used, which unite the clauses in these relations :

2

2

1. All the arrangements of our telescopes and microscopes are anticipated in the eye, and our best musical instruments are surpassed by the larynx. 2. Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul. 3. The consonant В was once a picture of a house, and D is an old picture of a door. 4. The one prudence in life is concentration; the one evil is dissipation. 5. Nitroglycerine has great rending power, but it has no value whatever as a projectile. 6. Fat is heat-generating alone, whilst flesh is ? both flesh-forming and heat-generating. 7. Spring is a fickle mistress, Summer is more staid, Autumn is the poet of the family, but Winter is a thoroughly honest fellow with no nonsense in him. 8. In the wilds of Maine, the aboriginal trees have 1 never been dispossessed, nor has nature been disforested. 9.

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is the principal thing, therefore get wisdom. II. The camel has been termed the ship of the desert, the caravan may be termed its fleet. 12. Tic-tac! tic-tac! go the wheels of thought, our will cannot stop them; they cannot stop them-/ selves, sleep cannot still them; madness only makes them go faster; death alone can break into the case, and silence at last the clicking of the terrible escapement carried so long beneath our wrinkled foreheads. 13. Young trees must be planted in our older quendi states, or the water in many of our streams will fail. 14. Water expands in freezing; often in the winter season pitchers filled. with it burst. 15. Our memories are most retentive in youth, consequently geography, history, and the modern languages should be studied then. 16. These Moors are changeable in their wills-put money in thy purse. Ingerince.

Direction.-Write as many compound sentences whose clauses shall stand in the relations explained above, and illustrate the points there made. In writing observe these rules also:—

THE COMMA. (13) Co-ordinate clauses, independent or dependent, when short and closely connected, must be separated by the comma.

THE SEMICOLON.-Co-ordinate clauses, independent or dependent, (1) when slightly connected or (2) when themselves divided by the comma must be separated by the semicolon.

THE DASH.-Use the dash (3) where the sentence breaks off abruptly, and the same thought is resumed after a slight suspension, or another takes its place.

Direction.-Classify these sentences, name the independent and the dependent clauses, give the function and relation of each, and justify the punctuation throughout :—

I. A great deal which in colder regions is ascribed to mean dispositions belongs to mean temperature. 2. Cæsar thought Cassius dangerous to the state, because he had a lean and hungry look, and was without taste for music. 3. Most people in this country must work with head or hands, or they must starve. 4. And wretches hang that jurymen may dine. 5. The mountains in Brazil are too high to scale, the rivers are too wide to bridge. #6. The starting eyeball and the open mouth tell more terror than the most abject words. 7. Nature is in earnest when she makes a woman. 8. New rice must be inferior to old, inasmuch as it is less digestible. 9. It is remarkable that scarcely a (house built before 1860 has any special means for ventilation.) 10. By a usage, which was peculiar to England, each subtenant in addition to his oath of fealty to his lord swore fealty directly to the crown. 11. To be bold against an enemy is common to the brutes, but the prerogative of a man is to be bold against himself. 12. Very few people now urge that it is unjust to tax one for the education of other people's children. 13. Controversy equalizes fools and wise men, and the fools know it. 14. As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the slothful upon his bed. 15. Horse-racing is not a republican institution; horse-trotting is. 16. Where there is no vision, the people perish. 17. The internal secretions are diminished by the use of alcoholic drinks; hence the larynx, mouth, and throat become dry, the tendency to congestion of the circulation-centres also increasing. 18.

Though Milton defended the

Charles I he died on

ordinary death. 19. That force is indestructible and eternal was first recognized in India. 20. The belief of some is, that hospitality is largely a matter of latitude. 21. Wallace's discovery of the military value of the stout peasant footman gave a death blow to the system of feudalism, and changed in the end the face of Europe. 22. Many people are still confident that the national history and the national language are studied only in their decay. 23. With us law is nothing, unless close behind it stands a warm, living public opinion.

Let

Direction.-Write simple, complex, and compound sentences. Illustrate all kinds of dependent clauses in your complex sentences, and all kinds of independent clauses in your compound sentences. some of your compound sentences be without connectives. the punctuation.

Attend to

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LESSON 12.

SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX AND COMPOUND

CLAUSES.

You have seen that single words may be united to form, for example, a compound subject or a compound complement; and that the same word may have many modifiers forming what, taken as a whole, we have called a compound modifier.

You have seen, too, that one modifier may be modified by another, the whole forming a complex word or phrase modifier.

You are now to see that sentences may contain clauses which are themselves complex or compound. In them we reach the highest stage of intricacy of which the sentence is susceptible.

Direction

-Point out the independent and the dependent clauses in

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these sentences, tell what clauses are of the same order, are coordinate, and what modify clauses which are themselves dependent, give the function of each, and justify the punctuation :

1. When I said I would die a bachelor, I did not think I should live till I were married. 2. As long as the Lord can tolerate me, I think I can stand my fellow-creatures. 3. The honorable member may perhaps find that, in that contest, there will be blows to take as well as blows to give; that others can state comparisons as significant, at least, as his own; and that his impunity may possibly demand of him whatever powers of taunt and sarcasm he may possess. 4. We pick the sun's rays to pieces, as [we would pick them] if they were so many skeins of colored yarn. 5. Train up a child in the way he should go, and, when he is old, he will not depart from it. 6. Only remember this: that, if a bushel of potatoes is shaken in a market cart without springs to it, the small ones always get to the bottom. 7. When one has had all his conceit taken out of him, his feathers will soon soak through, and he will fly no more. 8. If man could have invented language, we may safely conclude that he did invent it, for God does nothing for us which we can do ourselves. 9. Marshal Lannes once said to a French officer, "Know, Colonel, that none but a poltroon will boast that he never was afraid." (10. The view of Longinus, one of the ablest critics of antiquity, was the right. one, that, if the Iliad was the work of Homer's fiery youth and early manhood, the Odyssey belongs to his serener age—that, if the one is the glory of the mid-day, the other is the glory of the setting sun. II. The ordinary talk of unlettered men among us is fuller of metaphor, and of phrases that suggest lively images, than that of any other people I have seen. 12. As we perceive the shadow to have moved along the dial, but did not see it moving; and as it appears that the grass has grown, though nobody ever saw it grow: so the advances we make in knowledge, as they consist of such minute steps, are perceivable only by the distance.

Direction.-Write sentences containing compound and complex clauses and illustrate the points exhibited above. In writing observe