Administrative Troops: 40 officers, 3 companies of artificers, and 4 squadrons of train. Every retired officer is obliged to serve in the reserve until the age of 37. The strength of the permanent army in time of peace is 2,666 officers, 284 employés, 35,921 men, 8,124 horses, and 573 guns. 2. Territorial Army.-33 regiments of infantry (Dorobanzi) of 2 and 3battalions; 12 regiments of cavalry (Calarashi) of 4 squadrons each; 14 batteries of artillery, with 6 guns per battery; these latter perform the duties of firemen in time of peace. The total of the Territorial Army is 81,843 men and 4,401 horses. 3. The Militia, consisting of 33 regiments of infantry. 4. The Civic Guard and the levée en masse, the strength of which is not definitely fixed.

Every Roumanian from his 21st to his 46th year is obliged to serve either in the permanent army 3 years of active service and 5 in the reserve, or in the territorial infantry 5 years of active service and 3 in the reserve, or in the territorial cavalry 4 years of active service and 4 in the reserve. The entry into the permanent or territorial army is decided by lot. All young men not taken for the conscription form part of the militia. After completing their service in the permanent or territorial army, all are enrolled in the militia until their 36th year. Inhabitants of towns serve in the Civic Guard till the age of 46, and those of the country from their 36th to their 47th year form part of the levée en masse. The army is also kept up to its strength by enlisting volunteers and re-engaging the men in the reserve. The army is being reorganised on the territorial system; the country will be divided into 5 districts, to each of which will be attached a corps d'armée, subdivided into 2 divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments.

Roumania has in the navy the Elisabeta, launched at Elswick in 1887, a shot-protected cruiser of 1,320 tons displacement and 4,500 horse-power, 34-inch armour at the belt, four 6-inch and 8 machine guns; the Mircea, a composite brig of 350 tons. There are besides 4 other small vessels, 2 torpedo-boats, 3 gunboats, each of 45 tons, and 3 others building at Blackwall. There are 46 officers and 1,480 sailors, and a naval reserve of 200 men.

Production and Industry.

Of the total population of Roumania 70 per cent. are employed in agriculture. There are 654,000 heads of families who are freehold proprietors. Of the total area 68 per cent. is productive, and 29 per cent. under culture, 21 per cent. under grass, and 16.9 per cent. under forest. Cereals are the leading products, while oil-seeds and vines are largely grown. There are (1889) 115,899 hectares planted with vines, of which 64,119 are for the production of white wines, 51,436 for red and black wines, and 339 for muscat wine. The total production of wine is equal to about 1,850,000 hectolitres, or an average of 16 hectolitres the hectare. A scheme for utilising the enormous forests is under the consideration of the Government. The average annual production of cereals is about 12 million quarters, of which more than half is exported. As compared with 1886, about 1,000,000 more quarters of wheat were exported in 1887, and nearly 500,000 more quarters of maize. In 1884 Roumania had 2,376,066 cattle and 4,654,776 sheep.

Commerce.

The following table shows the value (in 1,000 lei) of the commerce for five years :—

The following, according to Roumanian returns, shows the value of the commerce in 1886 and 1887 of the leading countries (imports from and exports to) with which Roumania deals :

The following are the values of the leading articles of import and export in 1887 :

The following table, taken from the Board of Trade Returns, shows the value of the trade of Great Britain with Roumania for the five years 1884-88 :

The principal British imports into Roumania are cotton goods and yarn, 462,4307. in 1884, 487,1797. in 1885, 567,7397. in 1886, 696,760%. in 1887, and 572,3977. in 1888; woollens, 19,5337. in 1885, 62,2737. in 1887, and 40,3997. in 1888; iron, wrought and unwrought, 215,7107. in 1884, 78,8717. in 1885, 88,3307. in 1886, 117,3617. in 1887, 112,4807. in 1888; coals, 62,5617. in 1886, 69,1847. in 1887, 82,8997. in 1888. The leading exports from Roumania to Great Britain are barley, 580,2647. in 1885, 552,0281. in 1886, 518,7427. in 1887, 887,3807. in 1888; maize, 2,682,7127. in 1884, 1,969,1197. in 1885, 1,873,1417. in 1886, 2,634,6457. in 1887, 1,971,8367. in 1888; and wheat 99,8557. in 1886, 196,9407. in 1887, and 549,4727. in 1888.

Shipping and Communications.

The total number of vessels that entered the ports of Roumania in 1888 was 5,125 of 2,232,111 tons, and the number that cleared was 5,043 of 2,223,788 tons. The navigation of the Danube is carried on under regulations agreed to at the Berlin Conference of 1878, and subsequently modified at a conference of the delegates of the leading Powers (Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, France, Italy, and Turkey), which met in London in 1883. From its mouths to the Iron Gates it is regarded as an international highway, the interests of the several States being specially provided for. The navigation is under the superintendence of a mixed commission of one delegate each for Austria, Bulgaria, Roumania, and Servia, with a delegate appointed for six months by the signatory Powers in turn. The commission has its seat at Giurgevo, in Roumania. The arrangement lasts for 21 years from April 1883. The number of vessels that cleared at the Sulina mouth of the Danube in 1888 was 1,771 of 1,382,907 tons, of which 823 of 947,533 tons were British. The total revenue of the Com

mission in 1887 was 1,914,511 leï, or francs.

In 1889 Roumania had 1,534 miles of State railway, besides 51 under construction and 215 conceded. The State has now the control and working of all the railways in Roumania. The total cost of construction up to 1884 had been 16,678,000l. The receipts from the railways in 1883 were 1,077,4787., and expenses 652,2271.; surplus, 425,2511.; surplus in 1884, 116,7307.

In 1888 there were 300 post-offices, through which there passed 15,705,363 letters, 3,436,453 post-cards, 6,135,942 papers, specimens, &c., and parcels. In 1888 there were 3,271 miles of telegraph lines, and 8,084 miles of wire, on which 1,317,689 messages were forwarded. The number of offices was 362, of which 118 were in connection with the post-offices, 205 at railway stations, and 39 were for police purposes.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The decimal system was introduced into Roumania in 1876, the unit of the monetary system being the leï, equivalent to the franc.

Russian and Austrian coins and Turkish weights and measures are largely in use by the people.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF ROUMANIA IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Prince Jon Ghica, accredited August 10, 1881.
Secretary.-M. de Nedeyano.

Consul-General.-Walter J. Cutbill.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN ROUMANIA.

Envoy and Minister.-Sir Frank Cavendish Lascelles, K.C.M.G.; appointed Agent and Consul-General in Bulgaria November 20, 1880; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Roumania, January 1, 1887. Vice-Consul.-Hamilton E. Browne.

Consul-General at Galatz and Danube Commissioner.-Percy Sanderson, C.M.G.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Roumania. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Commerce de la Roumanie avec les puissances étrangères pendant l'année 1887. Buchsrest, 1889. Statistica din Romania. Indicile

Ministeriu de Interno. Oficit Central de Statistica. comunelor pe periodu de cinci ani 1876-83. Bucuresci, 1883.

Report by Mr. White on the Kingdom of Roumania, in Reports of H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular Offices.' Part VI. 1883. Folio.

Report on the Trade of Roumania in 1886 and 1887, in Nos. 250 and 381, and on Galatz, in No. 268, of Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' London, 1888.

Reports on Trade of Roumania in the Deutsches Handelsarchiv,' October and November 1888, and February 1890. Berlin. Miscarea populatiuni pe anu 1883. Dupâ registrele starâ civile.

Statistica din Romania.

4. Bucuresci, 1885.

Statistica din Romania. Invětamêntul pe anul scolar, 1882-83. Bucuresci, 1885. Traités, conventions et arrangements internationaux de la Roumanie, par T. G. Djuvara. Bucharest, 1888.

Trade of Roumania with Great Britain, in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom for the year 1888.' London, 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Bergner (R.), Rumanien. Breslau, 1887.

Boué (Ami), La Turquie d'Europe. 4 vols. 8. Paris, 1840.

Bratiano (J. C.), Mémoire sur la situation de la Moldo-Valachie depuis le traité de Paris. 8. Paris, 1863.

Cretzulesio (E.), La Roumanie considérée sous le rapport physique, administratif et économique. 8. Bucharest, 1876.

Engel (J. C.), Die Geschichte der Walachei; and Geschichte der Moldau.

Laurioni (A. T.), Istoria Romaniloru.

Laveleye (Emile de), The Balkan Peninsula. London, 1887.

Obédénare (M. G.), La Roumanie économique. Paris, 1876.

Samuelson (James), Roumania, Past and Present. London, 1882.

Ubicini (J. H. A.), Les provinces Roumaines. 8. Paris, 1856.
Vaillant (J. A.), La Roumanie: histoire, langue, &c.

RUSSIA.

(EMPIRE OF ALL THE RUSSIAS.)

Reigning Emperor.

Alexander III., Emperor of All the Russias, born February 26 (March 10 new style), 1845, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander II. and of Princess Maria, daughter of the late Grand-duke of Hesse-Darmstadt; ascended the throne at the death of his father (by assassination) March 1 (March 13, new style), 1881, and was crowned at Moscow May 27, 1883; married, November 9, 1866, to Maria Dagmar, born November 26, 1847, daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark.

Children of the Emperor.

I. Grand-duke Nicholas, heir-apparent, born May 6 (May 18), 1868.

II. Grand-duke George, born April 27 (May 9), 1871. III. Grand-duchess Xenia, born March 25 (April 6), 1875. IV. Grand-duke Michael, born November 22 (December 4), 1878.

V. Grand-duchess Olga, born June 1 (June 13), 1882.

Brothers and Sister of the Emperor.

I. Grand duke Vladimir, born April 10 (April 22), 1847; married August 16 (August 28), 1874, to Princess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Offspring of the union are three sons and one daughter :-1. Cyril, born September 30 (October 12), 1876. 2. Boris, born November 12 (November 24), 1877. 3. Andreas, born May 2 (May 14), 1879. 4. Helene, born January 17 (January 29), 1882.

II. Grand-duke Alexis, high-admiral, born January 2 (January 14), 1850.

III. Grand-duchess Marie, born October 5 (October 17), 1853; married January 21, 1874, to the Duke of Edinburgh, son of Queen Victoria of Great Britain.

.

IV. Grand-duke Sergius, born April 29 (May 11), 1857; married June 3 (June 15), 1884, to Princess Elizabeth of HesseDarmstadt.