The population of the principal towns of the Kingdom was as follows at the census of Dec. 1, 1885:

The ensuing table shows the annual movement of the population in the five years 1884-88:

Rather more than seven-tenths of the population of Bavaria are Roman Catholics. At the census of December 1880 there were 3,748,032 Roman Catholics, and 1,477,312 Protestants, the proportion being 709 Roman Catholics to 279 Protestants in every 1,000 of the population.

The religious division of the population in each of the eight provinces of the kingdom was as follows on December 1, 1885:

Besides the above there are included in other Christian sects 5,684 Mennonites, Irvingites, Greek Catholics, and Free Christians, and 536 without declaration.

As regards ecclesiastical administration, the kingdom is divided into 2 Roman Catholic archbishoprics, those of Munich and Bamberg; 6 bishoprics; 202 deaneries; and 2,964 parishes. The Protestant Church is under a General Consistory- Ober-Consistorium '--and three provincial consis

tories, 80 deaneries, and 1,116 parishes. Among the Roman Catholics there is one clergyman to 464 souls; among the Protestants, one to 1,013. Of the three universities of the kingdom, two, at Munich and Würzburg, are Roman Catholic, and one, at Erlangen, Protestant.

Instruction.

(For Universities, see under Germany.) Elementary schools-Volksschulen '-exist in all parishes, and school attendance is compulsory for all children from six till the age of fourteen. In 1887 there were 5,054 Catholic schools, 1,885 Protestant, 136 mixed, and 93 Jewish.

Justice, Crime, and Pauperism.

Bavaria is the only German State which has established an Oberstes Landgericht, or appeal-court intervening between the Oberlandesgerichte and the Reichsgericht. This court, which has its seat at Munich, has a bench of 18 judges. Subject to its jurisdiction are 5 Oberlandesgerichte and 28 Landgerichte.

In 1887 there were 49,838 criminal convictions in Bavaria, i.e. 127.5 per 10,000 inhabitants above the age of twelve.

In 1886 the number of poor receiving relief was 167,973, the sum expended on them being 10,027,140 marks. Of the total number 72,988 were permanent paupers.

Finance.

The Bavarian budget is voted for a period of two years. The gross public revenue of Bavaria for the financial year ending Dec. 31, 1883, was 277,447,131 marks, with an expenditure of 234,082,935. The estimated

revenue and expenditure for each of the years 1884 and 1885 was 241,584,781 marks, and for each of the years 1886 and 1887, 241,491,646 marks. The sources of revenue and branches of expenditure were estimated as follows for each of the financial years 1888 and 1889:

The direct taxes are a trade-tax, house-tax, land-tax, and income-tax. The debt of Bavaria amounted to 1,342,012,422 marks in April, 1889; 967,460,400 marks of which is railway debt. The greater number of the railways in Bavaria, constructed at a cost of 801,500,000 marks, are the property of the State. The annual receipts from the railways are seldom sufficient to cover the charges for the railway debt.

Army.

The Bavarian army forms an integral part of the Imperial army, having, in peace, its own administration. The military supplies, though voted by the Bavarian Parliament, must bear a fixed proportion to the amount voted for the rest of Germany by the Reichstag (see p. 533). The Bavarian troops form the 1st and 2nd Bavarian army-corps, not numbered consecutively with the other German army-corps; and there are certain differences in the matter of uniform permitted to the Bavarian troops. The administration of the fortresses in Bavaria is also in the hands of the Bavarian Government during peace.

The contribution of Bavaria to the Imperial Army in 1888-89 was as follows in officers and men:

Of the total area of Bavaria, nearly one-half is under cultivation, onesixth under grass, and one-third under forests. The number of separate

These farms supported a population of 2,665,123, of whom 1,355,466 were actually engaged in agriculture. The areas (in hectares) under the chief crops, and the yield per hectare in metric tons, in 1888, with the annual average for 1878-87, were as follows:

In 1888 vines occupied 22,331 hectares, and yielded 477,623 hectolitres of wine; 345,403 hectares were planted with tobacco, yielding 4,640 tons of dried leaf.

Potatoes

92,623 300,094

1.15 1.27

The total value of the leading mining products of Bavaria in 1888 was 7,464,148 marks.

The brewing of beer is a highly important industry in Bavaria (see Germany, p. 543). The average quantity manufactured is 278,000,000 gallons, of which 27,000,000 are exported. In 1887-88 4,302 distilleries produced 127,558 hectolitres of alcohol.

On January 1, 1889, Bavaria had 3,348 miles of railway, of which 2,920 belonged to the State.

British Chargé d'Affaires.—Victor A. W. Drummond.
Consul.-John S. Smith.

BREMEN.

(FREIE STADT BREMEN.)
Constitution.

The State and Free City of Bremen form a republic, governed, under a Constitution proclaimed March 5, 1849, and revised February 21, 1854, November 17, 1875, December 1, 1878, and May 27, 1879, by a Senate of sixteen members, forming the executive, and the 'Bürgerschaft' (or Convent of Burgesses) of 150 members, invested with the power of legislation. The Convent is returned by the votes of all the citizens, divided into classes. The citizens who have studied at a university return 14 members; the merchants 42 members; the mechanics and manufacturers 22 members, and the other tax-paying inhabitants of the Free City the rest. The Convent and Senate elect the sixteen members of the Senate, ten of whom at least must be lawyers. Two burgomasters, the first elected for four years, and the second for the same period, direct the affairs of the Senate, through a Ministry divided into twelve departments-namely, Foreign Affairs, Church and Education, Justice, Finance, Police, Medical and Sanitary Administration, Military Affairs, Commerce and Shipping, Ports and Railways, Public Works, Industry, and Poor Laws. All the ministers are

senators.

Area and Population.

The State embraces an area of 100 English square miles. The population amounted in 1875 to 142,220, inclusive of a Prussian garrison; in 1880 it was 156,723; on December 1, 1885, it was 165,628. The increase of

population from 1871 to 1875 was larger than in any other State of Germany, reaching the high rate of 3.82 per cent. per annum; but it sank afterwards, for in the five years from 1880 to 1885 the increase was but 1.23 per annum. Of the total population in 1885, 79,469 were males, 85,159 females-i.e. 108-4 females per 100 males. Foreigners numbered 2-008. Marriages, 1888, 1,443; births, 5,035-124 (3.40 per cent.) stillborn, 334 (6.22 per cent.) illegitimate; deaths, 3,372; surplus, 1,663.

Bremen, with Bremerhaven, is one of the chief outlets of German emigration. The following table shows the emigration statistics of the years 1886-88:

The foreign emigrants were chiefly natives of Austria-Hungary, Russia, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.

Religion, Justice, and Crime.

On Dec. 1, 1885, Bremen contained 157,944 Protestants (95.3 per cent.), 6,196 Roman Catholics (3.7 per cent.), 646 other Christians, 840 Jews, and 2 unclassified.'

Bremen contains two Amtsgerichte and a Landgericht, whence appeals lie to the Hanseatische Oberlandesgericht' at Hamburg. In 1887, 1,810 persons were convicted of crime-i.e. 156 per 10,000 inhabitants above the age of twelve. In 1885, 4,520 persons, with 6,809 dependants, received public poor-relief.

Finance.

In 1888-89 the revenue was 13,554,813 marks, and expenditure 24,796,690 marks, including 12,369,371 of extraordinary expenses. The estimated revenue for 1889-90 is 11,411,300 marks, and expenditure 12,278,775 marks. More than one-third of the revenue is raised from direct taxes, one-half of which is income-tax. The chief branch of expenditure is for interest and reduction of the public debt. The latter amounted, in 1888, to 68,798,600 marks. The whole of the debt, which bears interest at 3, 4, and 4 per cent., was incurred for constructing railways, harbours, and other public works.

Commerce and Shipping.

Next to that of Hamburg, the port of Bremen is the largest for the international trade of Germany. About 69 per cent. of the commerce of Bremen is carried on under the German, and about 23 per cent. under the British flag. The aggregate value of the imports in 1888 was 612,921,336 marks, of which 34,230,990 marks were from Great Britain; and of exports, 577,274,758 marks, of which 23,153,429 marks went to Great Britain.

The number of merchant vessels belonging to the State of Bremen on Jan. 1, 1889, was 341, of 325,522 tons, the number including 118 steamers of an aggregate burthen of 124,260 tons. Of the steamers sailing under the Bremen and German flag, 57 (aggregate tonnage 91,414), mainly built on the Clyde, belong to the navigation company called the North-German Lloyd,' which maintains communication between Bremen and various ports in North and South America, Eastern Asia, and Australia; 13 steamers belong to the 'Hansa' Company, plying to Madras and Calcutta, and 16 to the Neptun' Company, trading with European ports.

British Consul-General.-Hon. Charles S. Dundas (Hamburg).
British Vice-Consul.-Herr Gross (Brake).

BRUNSWICK.

(BRAUNSCHWEIG.)
Regent.

Prince Albrecht, born May 8, 1837; son of the late Prince Albrecht of Prussia, brother of the first German Emperor Wilhelm I., and Marianne, daughter of the late William I., King of the Netherlands, Field-Marshal in the German army. Married April 19, 1873, to Princess Maria, Duchess of