Notices coloniales publiées à l'occasion de l'exposition universelle d'Anvers en 1885. 3 vols. Paris, 1885.

Rapport fait au nom de la commission de la réorganisation de l'armée, par M. le Général Chareton. 4.

Versailles, 1875.

Résumé des états de situation de l'enseignement primaire pour l'année scolaire 1886-87. Paris, 1888.

Situation économique et commerciale de la France. Exposé comparatif pour les quinze années de la période 1865–79. Paris, 1881.

Statistiques coloniales pour l'année 1886. Paris, 1888.

Tableau du commerce général de la France, avec ses colonies et les puissances étrangères, pendant l'année 1888. 4. Paris, 1889.

Tableau général des mouvements du cabotage pendant l'année 1888. Direction générale des douanes et des contributions indirectes. 4. Paris, 1889.

Tableaux de population, de culture, de commerce, et de navigation sur les colonies françaises. Paris, 1888.

Hertslet (Sir Edward, C.B.), The Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1889. Report by Mr. L. S. Sackville West on the Tenure of Land in France, dated Paris, Nov. 19, 1869; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Representatives respecting the Tenure of Land in the several Countries of Europe.' Part I. Fol. London, 1870.

Reports for 1887 on Trade of Cherbourg in No. 271, Brest in No. 273, Havre in No. 277, Boulogne in No. 300, Marseilles in No. 301, Bordeaux in No. 202, Tahiti in No. 319, Rochelle in No. 328, Noumea in No. 335, Nice in No. 337, Corsica in No. 353, Nantes in No. 411, of Diplomatic and Consular Reports,' and also on Agriculture in various districts of France. London, 1888.

Report by Mr. Egerton on Personal Taxation in France in 'Papers respecting the Taxation of Personal Property in France, Germany, and the United States.' 'Miscellaneous.' No. 2. 1886. Folio. London, 1886.

Trade of France with the United Kingdom, in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1888.' Imp. 4. London, 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annuaire de l'économie sociale. 8. Paris, 1889.

Audiffret (Marquis d'), Etat de la fortune nationale et du crédit public de 1789 à 1873. 8. Paris, 1875.

Block (Maurice), Annuaire de l'économie politique et de la statistique. 1889. 16. Paris, 1889.

Carnet de l'officier de marine. 10me année, 1889. Paris, 1889.

Colle (E.), La France et ses colonies au 19me siècle. 8. Paris, 1878.

Crisenoy (De), Mémoire de l'inscription maritime. 8. Paris, 1872.
Cucheral-Clarigny (M.), Instruction publique en France. 8. Paris, 1883.

David (J.), Le crédit national. 8. Paris, 1872.

Delarbre (J.), La marine militaire de la France.

8. Paris, 1881.

Dupont (P.), Annuaire de la marine pour 1889. 8. Paris, 1889.
Europe in Stanford's Compendium. London, 1885.

Foville (A. de), La France actuelle. Paris, 1889.

Gaffarel (Paul), Les colonies françaises. 4th edition. Paris, 1888.

Hélie (F. A.), Les constitutions de la France. 8. Paris, 1878.

Ingouf (J.), L'avenir de la marine et du commerce extérieur de la France. 8. Paris, 1877. Journal de la Société de Statistique de Paris. Paris, 1889.

Kaufmann (R. F.), Die Finanzen Frankreichs. Leipzig, 1882.

Kleine (E.), Les richesses de la France. 12. Paris, 1872.

Laugel (Auguste), La France politique et sociale. 8. Paris, 1878.

Lavergne (Léonce de), Economie rurale de la France. 4me éd. 18. Paris, 1878.

Lebon (A.) and Pelet (P.), France as it is. London, 1888.

L'économiste français. Paris, 1889.

Léon (M.), De l'accroissement de la population en France et de la doctrine de Malthus. 8. Paris, 1866.

Loisne (C. de), Histoire politique de France. Paris, 1886.

Loua (Toussaint), La France sociale et économique. Paris, 1888.

Moussy (N.), Tableau des finances de la France. 8. Paris, 1879.

Prat (Th. de), Annuaire protestant: Statistique générale des diverses branches du protes tantisme français. 8. Paris, 1889.

Reclus (Elisée), La France. Vol. II. of 'Nouvelle géographie universelle.' 8. Paris, 1877. Statistique de la production de la soie en France et à l'étranger. Récolte de 1889. Lyons,

1889.

Vignon (L.), Les colonies françaises, leur commerce, leur situation économique, leur utilité pour la métropole, leur avenir. Paris, 1885.

Vührer (M. A.), Histoire de la dette publique en France, Paris, 1886.

Vuitry (Adolphe), Etude sur le régime financier de la France. 8. Paris, 1879.

Colonies and Dependencies.

The colonial possessions of France (including Algeria), dispersed over Asia, Africa, America, and Polynesia, embrace, inclusive of countries under protection, a total area of 1,195,340 square miles. Not reckoned as a colony is Algeria, which has a government and laws distinct from the other colonial possessions, being looked upon as a part of France. Algeria, as well as all the colonies proper, are represented in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, and considered to form, politically, a part of France. The estimated area and population (1886-87) of the various colonies and countries under protection, together with the date of their first settlement or acquisition, is shown in the subjoined table (on page 495), compiled from the latest official returns :

The trade of all the French colonies (excluding the dependency of Madagascar) in 1887 appears as follows, in thousands of francs:

The 1890 budget estimates 52,615,046 francs for the colonial service. In addition, the Marine Budget has to bear certain colonial expenses, while each colony has a large budget of its own, insufficient to meet the colonial expenses. Algeria and Cambodia are not included in that estimate.

The only possessions possessing commercial importance, besides Algeria and Tunis, are Cochin-China, the islands of Réunion on the coast of Africa, and Martinique and Guadeloupe in the West Indies. The exports from and imports to French colonies are seen from the subjoined table (on page 494); details about the more important colonies are given under separate heads.

The total exports from French colonies and dependencies to Great Britain amounted in 1888 to 642,5601., and the exports from Great Britain to these possessions to 550,4717.

The following are more detailed notices of the colonies, dependencies, and spheres of influence, arranged under ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA, and AUSTRALASIA and OCEANIA.

ASIA.

FRENCH INDIA.

The French possessions in India, as established by the treaties of 1814 and 1815, consist of five separate towns, which cover an aggregate of 50,803 hectares (about 200 square miles), and have the following popula tions:

Of this total 279,970 are Indians, 928 French, 34 English, or descendants from French and English. The colonies are divided into five dépendances, the chief towns of which are marked with an asterisk in the above table, and ten communes, having municipal institutions. The Governor of the colony resides at Pondichery. The colony is represented by one Senator and one Deputy. Estimated budget (1888) 1,952,014 francs; expendi ture of France 469,296 francs; debt 509,000 francs. The chief exports from Pondichery are oil seeds. The imports in 1887 amounted to 5,900,000 francs, and exports of native produce 9,600,000 francs; exports, 21,400,000 francs. Exports to France (1888) 17,282,477 francs; imports of French produce 255,515 francs. The port of Pondichery was visited in 1887 by 558 vessels.

FRENCH INDO-CHINA.

total

Under this designation the French dependencies of Cochin-China, Tonquin, Annam, and Cambodia have, to a certain extent, been incorporated. There is a Superior Council of Indo-China, which fixes the budget of Cochin-China and advises as to the budgets of Annam, Tonquin, and Cam! odia.

In 1887 the French possessions in Indo-China, including Annam and Cambodia, were united into a Customs Union; the external trade of the Union reached in 1888 68,079,305 francs for imports and 71,828,153 francs for exports. The coasting trade between Annam, Tonquin, and Cochin-China reached 11,325,000 francs for the imports.

Exports of native produce to France in 1888 2,894,076 francs, imports of French produce 13,050,724 francs.

ANNAM.

French intervention in the affairs of Annam, which began as early as 1787, was terminated by a treaty, signed on June 6, 1884, and ratified at Hué on February 23, 1886, by which a French protectorate has been established over Annam. The young Prince Bun Can was proclaimed King on January 31, 1889. The ports of Turane, Qui-Nhon, and Xuan Day are opened to European commerce, and the former has been conceded to France; French troops occupy part of the citadel of Hué. Annamite functionaries administer all the internal affairs of Annam. Population estimated at 2,000,000 by some, and at 5,000,000 by others; the latter being considered the more probable. It is Annamite in the towns and along the coast, and consists of various tribes of Moïs in the hilly tracts. There are 420,000 Roman Catholics. There are 23,230 soldiers, of whom 11,830 are natives. Chief productions besides cereals are cinnamon bark (export 2,000,000 francs), cotton (export from 400 to 1,000 tons), sugar (export from 200,000 to 1,000,000 francs), tea, coffee, tobacco, and seeds (export 610,000 francs). The total imports in 1888 amounted to 4,362,370 francs, and exports to 3,372,383 francs. The chief imports are rice, cotton yarn, cottons, opium, and paper; all from China and Japan.

CAMBODIA.

Area, 120,000 square kilomètres ; population from 1,500,000 to 1,800,000, consisting of several indigenous races, 30,000 Malays, 100,000 Chinese and Annamites. The country is under King Norodom, who recognised the French protectorate in 1863, and it is divided into 32 arrondissements. The two chief towns are Pnom-Penh, the capital of the territory, and Kampot, its only seaport, 3,000 inhabitants. Revenue 1888,

3,275,000 francs; expenditure, 3,059,236 francs. French troops, 300. The chief culture is rice, betel, tobacco, indigo, sugar-tree, and silk-tree. The exports of home produce, valued at 12,000,000 francs, are salt fish, raw cotton, haricot beans, cardamum, and sugar. The imports, about the same value, comprise salt, wine, tea, textiles, arms, and pottery.

COCHIN-CHINA.

Bordered N.E. by the territory of the Moïs, N.W. by Cambodia, S. and E. by the Chinese Sea, and by the Gulf of Siam in the west. The population is estimated at 1,858,807, of whom 2,000 are Europeans (1,677 French), 1,500,000 Annamites, 105,000 Cambodians, 50,000 Chinese, and 8,000 savages, besides Malays and Malabarians—a floating population of nearly 20,000.

French Cochin-China was incorporated with French Indo-China in 1887, and the whole divided into 21 arrondissements and four provinces (circonscriptions):-Saïgon, 756 square miles, 82,000 population; Mytho, 2,756 square miles, 349,000 population; Vinh-Long, 2,620 square miles, 434,000

KK