at Eton; entered the Grenadier Guards, 1858; Lieutenant and Captain, 1862; left the army and entered Parliament, 1865; a Lord of the Admiralty, 1868; Financial Secretary for War,. 1874-77; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1877; Secretary of State for War, 1878-80; Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1885-86; President of the Board of Trade, 1886. Appointed Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, May 1, 1888; assumed the government thereof, June 11, 1888.

The Governor-General has a salary of 10,000l. per annum. He is assisted in his functions, under the provisions of the Act of 1867, by a Council, composed of 15 heads of departments.

Queen's Privy Council.--The present Council, formed Oct. 17, 1878, with alterations in 1879-88, consists of the following members :

1. Prime Minister, and President of the Queen's Privy Council. -Rt. Hon. Sir John Alexander Macdonald, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Q.C.

2. Minister of Public Works.-Hon. Sir Hector Louis Langevin, K.C.M.G., C.B., LL.D., Q.C.

3. Minister of Railways and Canals.-Vacant.

4. Minister of Customs.-Hon. Mackenzie Bowell.

5. Minister of Militia and Defence.-Hon. Sir Adolphe P. Caron, K.C.M.G., Q.C.

6. Minister of Agriculture.-Hon. John Carling.

7. Minister of Inland Revenue.-Hon. John Costigan.

8. (without Portfolio).—Hon. Frank Smith.

9. Secretary of State.-Hon. Joseph Adolphe Chapleau, Q.C., LL.D.

10. Minister of Justice.-Hon. Sir J. S. D. Thompson, K.C.M.G., Q.C.

11. Minister of Finance.-Hon. George E. Foster.

12. (without Portfolio).-Hon. John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, Q.C., D.C.L.

13. Minister of Marine and Fisheries.-Hon. Charles Hibbert Tupper, LL.B.

14. Minister of the Interior.-Hon. Edgar Dewdney.

15. Postmaster-General.-Hon. John Graham Haggart. Each of the ministers has a salary, fixed by statute, of 7,000 dollars, or 1,4001. a year, with the exception of the recognised Prime Minister, who has 8,000 dollars, or 1,6007. per annum. The body of ministers is officially known as the Queen's Privy Council for the Dominion of Canada.'

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

The seven provinces forming the Dominion have each a separate parliament and administration, with a Lieutenant-Governor at the head of the executive. They have full powers to regulate their own local affairs and dispose of their revenues, provided only they do not interfere with the action and policy of the central administration. The Lieutenant-Governors are appointed by the Governor-General. Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Bruns wick, and Prince Edward Island have each two Chambers (a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly) and a responsible Ministry. In Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia there is only one Chamber (the Legislative Assembly) and a responsible Ministry. The members of the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island number 13, Nova Scotia 17, New Brunswick 17, Quebec 24. The membership of the Legislative Assemblies arePrince Edward Island 30, Nova Scotia 38, New Brunswick 41, Quebec 65, Ontario 90, Manitoba 35, British Columbia and the North-West Territories each 25. The North-West Territories are presided over by a LieutenantGovernor and a Legislative Assembly, consisting of 22 elected members and 3 legal experts appointed by the Governor in Council. The Advisory Council (or Executive) consists of the Lieutenant-Governor and 4 members appointed by him.

Area and Population.

The population of Canada in the year 1800 was estimated at 240,000; in 1825 it amounted to 581,920; in 1851 to 1,842,265; in 1861 to 3,090,561; in 1871 to 3,635,024. The census of April 3, 1881, stated the area and population of the Dominion as follows:

To the above area should be added 140,000 square miles for lakes, rivers, &c., giving a total area of 3,610,257 square miles. An estimate for 1889 makes the total population 5 millions.

A portion of the North-Western Territories was in 1882 divided into four districts-Assiniboia, 95,000 square miles; Saskatchewan, 114,000 sq. m.; Alberta, 100,000 sq. m.; and Athabasca, 122,000 sq. m. A census of the first three districts was taken in 1885, when there were found to be-males, 27,113; females, 21,249; total population, 48,362, of whom 20,170 were Indians, and 4,848 half-breeds.

A census of Manitoba was taken in 1886 which showed that the population was 108,640-males, 59,594; females, 49,046. If allowance is made for the territory which was taken from Manitoba and added to Keewatin

and Ontario in 1883 (the area in 1881 was 123,200 square miles), the rate of increase since that year has been 74-49 per cent.

The district of Keewatin, between Manitoba and Ontario, and stretching north to Hudson's Bay, was created in 1876 out of the Territories, and erected into a separate government under the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba; a portion of Manitoba was added in October 1883, and it has now an area of about 400,000 square miles.

The population of the Dominion consisted at the census of 1881 to the extent of more than four-fifths of natives of British North America. These numbered 3,715,492, of whom 1,467,988 were natives of Ontario; 1,327,809 of Quebec; 420,088 of Nova Scotia; 288,265 of New Brunswick; 19,590 of Manitoba; 32,275 of British Columbia; 101,047 natives of Prince Edward Island; and 58,430 of the Territories. Of alien-born inhabitants of the Dominion the most numerous at the census of 1881 were 470,092 natives of the United Kingdom; next came 77,753 from the United States, 25,328 Germans, 6,376 natives of Russia, 4,389 French. On the basis of origin the population was classed as follows:-1,298,929 of French origin, 881,301 English, 957,403 Irish, 699,863 Scotch, 254,319 German, 30,412 Dutch, 108,547 Indian, 21,394 African, 4,383 Chinese, and the remainder divided among Danish, Icelandic, Italian, Russian, Scandinavian, Welsh, Swiss, Spanish, Portuguese, and Jews. According to an official report for 1887 there were 128,499 Indians in Canada at that date. Of the total population, 464,025 were returned as occupiers of land, representing with their families nearly one-half the population.

The population of the principal cities of the Dominion was as follows in

1881:

There are no vital statistics for the Dominion as a whole, mortuary statistics being collected at only a few places; it is therefore impossible to say what is the rate of natural increase of the population. The death rate per 1,000 was as follows in 1887 in the towns named :-Montreal, 30-74; Toronto, 1934; Quebec, 28-36; Hamilton, 17.94; Halifax, 18:17; Ottawa, 21.96; St. John, N.B., 20-95; Winnipeg, 24.55; Hull, 41-91.

The following table shows the total number of immigrants, and the number who actually settled in the Dominion of Canada in the years stated:

The number of immigrants, as well as of settlers, is inclusive of those arrived from the United States.

The number of immigrants to the United States through Canada in 1883 is returned as 72,274; 1884, 62,772; 1885, 25,927; 1886, 53,429; 1887, 91,053; and 1888, 85,708. The number of emigrants arriving at Quebec in 1888 was 37,721, of whom 13,211 were English, 3,752 Scotch, and 1,809 Irish; the rest foreigners. In 1887 it was 32,749, of whom 16,034 were English, 3,128 Irish, and 3,044 Scotch. The arrivals at Halifax in 1888 were 19,589, of whom 13,519 were English, 754 Irish, and 1,328 Scotch.

Religion.

There is no State Church in the whole of British North America. The Church of England is governed by seventeen bishops, with over 900 clergy; the Roman Catholic Church by one cardinal, five archbishops, sixteen bishops, and about 1,200 clergy; and the Presbyterian Church in Canada, with 895 ministers-formed in 1875 by the union of two formerly distinct bodies-by presbyteries, synods, and an annual assembly as in the Scotch Church, with 1,831 churches and stations. The Methodists have 1,500 and the Baptists about 500 ministers. All these bodies have one or more divinity schools. The number of members of each religious creed in the Dominion was as follows at the census of April 3, 1881 :

The following shows the numbers of the leading denominations in the several provinces according to the latest censuses:

Except in British Columbia, all the provinces of the Dominion have one or more universities, and several colleges which prepare for university degrees. There are in all about 16 degree-granting bodies in the Dominion, with about 24 colleges, including denominational, medical, and other special institutions. From special official statistics of these institutions it may be estimated that they are attended by about 5,000 students, and their total annual expenditure is 400,000 dollars.

The following table gives some information respecting the public, high, and superior schools in the Dominion and the pupils attending them in 1887, and the amounts both of Government grants and of total expenditure for education:

Government

Protestant schools only. * Public schools only. Winter term only. expenditure only. Capitation and inspector's grants only. Including income from Clergy Reserve Fund.

The total number of public schools was 14,680, and of high and superior schools 927. If the number of those attending the universities and private schools were added to the above figures, the total number of pupils would be about one million. The expenditure for the year on public and high schools, including Government grants, was over $6,000,000. As no statistics of expenditure in Quebec other than Government expenditure are available, returns of the total expenditure on colleges, universities, &c., cannot be given. The supervision of education is under the control of the Governments of the several provinces, and the systems in use vary somewhat, but are all based on the principle of free education, the funds being supplied by Government grants and local taxation. In British Columbia and the North-West Territories the schools are supported wholly by Government. Education is more or less compulsory in all the provinces, except New Brunswick, but the law is not very strictly enforced. In Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and the North-West Territories there are separate schools for Roman Catholics; in the other provinces the schools are unsectarian.

Justice and Crime.

There is a Supreme Court in Ottawa, having appellate, civil, and criminal jurisdiction in and throughout Canada. There is also a Superior Court in each province; county courts, with limited jurisdiction, in most of the provinces; all the judges in these courts being appointed by the Governor-General. Police magistrates and justices of the peace are appointed by the Provincial Governments. There are also Vice-Admiralty Courts in Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, and a Maritime Court of Ontario.

In 1888, 5,867 persons were charged with indictable offences; of these 3,747 were convicted, 353 being sent to the penitentiary, the rest sentenced