The leading exports from Roumania to Great Britain are barley, 414,9297. in 1884 and 580,2647. in 1885, and maize, 2,682,7127. in 1884 and 1,969,1197. in 1885. Of the total population of Roumania 70 per cent. are employed in agriculture. There are 654,000 heads of families who are freehold proprietors. Of the total area 68 per cent. is productive, and 29 per cent. under culture, 21 per cent. under grass, and 16.9 per cent. under forest. Cereals are the leading products, while oil-seeds and vines are largely grown. The average annual production of cereals is about 12 million quarters, of which more than half is exported. In 1884 Roumania had 2,376,066 cattle and 4,654,776 sheep. The total number of vessels that entered Roumanian ports in 1884, both from up the river Danube and from the sea, was 20,478, of 3,711,143 tons, and cleared, 20,650, of 3,678,849 tons. In 1885, 1,432 sea-going vessels, of 895,824 tons, cleared the Danube, of which 543, of 584,525 tons, were British, or upwards of 60 per cent. of the tonnage of the whole. The quantity of cereals exported by the Sulina mouth in 1885 was 6,000,000 quarters, besides 200,000 cwt. of flour. For details as to the International Danube Commission, see Austria-Hungary, p. 30. In 1886 Roumania had 911 miles of State railway, besides 562 under construction and 283 conceded. Including non-State lines, the total length in working order in 1886 was about 1,100 miles. The total cost of construction up to 1884 had been 16,678,0002. The receipts from the railways in 1883 were 1,077,4781., and expenses 652,2271.; surplus, 425,2517.; surplus in 1884, 416,7301. In 1885 there were 18,330,367 letters and newspapers passed through the post-office; 528,992 parcels, and 179,185 money-orders. The number of offices was 187. In 1885 there were 3,256 miles of telegraph lines, and 6,800 miles of wire, on which 1,224,447 messages were forwarded. The number of offices was 247. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. OF ROUMANIA IN GREAT BRITAIN. Envoy and Minister.-Prince Jon Ghica, accredited August 10, 1881. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN ROUMANIA. Envoy and Minister.-Sir Frank Cavendish Lascelles, K.C.M.G.; appointed Agent and Consul-General in Bulgaria, November 20, 1880; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Roumania, January 1, 1887. Vice-Consul.-Hamilton E. Browne. Money, Weights, and Measures. The French decimal system was introduced into Roumania in 1876, the unit of the monetary system being the leï, equivalent to the franc. Russian and Austrian coins and Turkish weights and measures are largely in use by the people. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Roumania. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Commerce de la Roumanie avec les puissances étrangères pendant l'année 1884. Bucharest, 1885. Statistica din Romania. Miscarea populatiuni pe anu 1883. Dupa Regi strele Starû civile. 4. Bucurescî 1885. Statistica din Romania. Invětamêntul pe anul Scolar, 1882-83. Bucuresti, 1885. Ministeriu de Interno. Oficiú Central de Statistica. Statistica din Romania. Indicile Comunelor pe periodu de cinci ani 1876-1883. Bucuresci, 1883. Report on Roumania: its Products, Industries, and Commerce, by ConsulGeneral Schuyler, in Reports of Consuls of United States.' No. 4, 1881. Report by Mr. White on the kingdom of Roumania, in Reports of H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular Offices.' Part VI. 1883. Folio. Report on the Trade and Commerce of Galatz, Kustendjie, and Sulina, in Part V. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' London, 1884. Report by Consul-General Sanderson on Galatz in 1884, by Vice-Consul Cumberbatch on the Dobrudja, in Part II.; and by Vice-Consul Bolton on Kustendjie in 1884, in Part IV. of Reports of H.M. Consuls.' London, 1885. Trade of Roumania with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom for the year 1884.' London, 1885. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Boué (Ami), La Turquie d'Europe. 4 vols. 8. Paris, 1840. Bratiano (J. C.), Mémoire sur la situation de la Moldo-Valachie depuis le traité de Paris. 8. Paris, 1863. Cretzulesio (E.), La Roumanie considérée sous le rapport physique, administratif et économique. 8. Bucarest, 1876. Obédénare (M. G.), La Roumanie Economique. Paris, 1876. Samuelson (James), Roumania, Past and Present. London, 1882. Ubicini (J. H. A.), Les Provinces Roumaines. 8. Paris, 1856. Engel (J. C.), Die Geschichte der Walachei; and Geschichte der Moldau. Vaillant (J. A.), La Roumanie: Histoire, Langue, &c. Laurioni (A. T.), Istoria Romaniloru. RUSSIA. (EMPIRE OF ALL THE RUSSIAS.). Reigning Emperor. Alexander III., Emperor of All the Russias, born February 26 (March 10 new style), 1845, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander II. and of Princess Maria, daughter of the late Grand-duke of HesseDarmstadt; ascended the throne at the death of his father (by assassination) March 1 (March 13, new style), 1881, and was crowned at Moscow May 27, 1883; married, Nov. 9, 1866, to Maria Dagmar, born Nov. 26, 1847, daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark. Children of the Emperor. I. Grand-duke Nicholas, heir apparent, born May 6 (May 13), 1808. Brothers and Sister of the Emperor. I. Grand-duke Vladimir, born April 10 (April 22), 1847; married August 16 (August 28), 1874, to Princess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Offspring of the union are three sons and one daughter-1. Cyril, born September 30 (October 12), 1876. 2. Boris, born Nov. 12 (Nov. 24), 1877. 3. Andreas, born May 2 (May 14), 1879. 4. Helene, born January 17 (January 29), 1882. II. Grand-duke Alexis, high-admiral, born Jan. 2 (Jan. 14), 1850. III. Grand-duchess Marie, born October 5 (October 17), 1853; married January 21, 1874, to the Duke of Edinburgh, son of Queen Victoria of Great Britain. IV. Grand-duke Sergius, born April 29 (May 11), 1857; married June 3 (June 15), 1884, to Princess Elizabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt. V. Grand-duke Paul, born September 21 (October 3), 1860. Uncles and Aunts of the Emperor. I. Grand-duchess Olga, sister of the late Emperor Alexander II.; ; born August 30 (September 11), 1822; married July 1 (July 13), 1846, to Prince Karl, then heir-apparent, now king, of Württemberg. II. Grand-duke Constantine, brother of the preceding, born Sep tember 9 (September 21), 1827; high-admiral of the Russian navy; married, August 30 (September 11), 1848, to Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg, of which union there are issue five children:-1. Nicholas, born February 2 (February 14), 1850. 2. Olga, born August 22 (September 3), 1851, and married October 27, 1867, to Georgios I., King of the Hellenes (see page 308320). 3. Vera, born February 4 (February 16), 1854, and married May 8, 1874, to Prince Eugene of Württemberg; widow, January 15, 1877. 4. Constantine, born Aug. 10 (Aug. 22), 1858: married April 15 (April 27), 1884, to Princess Elizabeth of Saxe-Altenburg, Duchess of Saxony. 5. Dimitri, born June 1 (June 13), 1860. III. Grand-duke Nicholas, brother of the preceding, born July 27 (August 8), 1831; field-marshal in the Russian army, and inspector-general of cavalry and the corps of engineers; married. January 25 (February 6), 1856, to Princess Alexandra of Oldenburg, of which marriage there are two sons- -1. Nicholas, born November 6 (November 18), 1856. 2. Peter, born January 10 (January 22), 1864. IV. Grand-duke Michael, born October 13 (October 25), 1882, field-marshal in the Russian army; married, August 16 (Aug. 28), 1857, to Princess Cecilia of Baden, of which union there are issue seven children-1. Nicholas, born April 14 (April 26), 1859. 2. Anastasia, born July 16 (July 28), 1860, and married Jan. 12 (January 24), 1879, to Prince Friedrich Franz of MecklenburgSchwerin. 3. Michael, born October 4 (Oct. 16), 1861. 4. George, born August 11 (August 23), 1863. 5. Alexander, born April 1 (April 13), 1866. 6. Sergius, born September 25 (Oct. 7), 1869. 7. Alexis, born December 16 (December 28), 1875. The reigning family of Russia descend, in the female line, from Michael Romanof, elected Tsar in 1613, after the extinction of the House of Rurik; and in the male line from the Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, born in 1701, scion of a younger branch of the princely family of Oldenburg. The union of his daughter Anne with Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp formed part of the great reform projects of Peter I., destined to bring Russia into closer contact with the western states of Europe. Peter I. was succeeded by his second wife, Catherine, the daughter of a Livonian peasant, and she by Peter II., the grandson of Peter, with whom the male line of the Romanofs terminated, in the year 1730. The reign of the next three sovereigns of Russia, Anne, Ivan VI., and Elizabeth, of the female line of Romanof, formed a transition period, which came to an end with the accession of Peter III., of the house of Holstein-Gottorp. All the subsequent emperors, without excep tion, connected themselves by marriage with German families. The wife and successor of Peter III., daughter of the Prince of Anhalt Zerbst, general in the Prussian army, left the crown to her only son, Paul, who became the father of two emperors, Alexander I. and Nicholas, and the grandfather of a third, Alexander II. All these sovereigns married German princesses, creating intimate family alliances, among others, with the reigning houses of Württemberg, Baden, and Prussia. The emperor is in possession of the revenue from the Crown domains, consisting of more than a million of square miles of cultivated land and forests, besides gold and other mines in Siberia, and producing a vast revenue, the actual amount of which is, however, unknown, as no reference to the subject is made in the budgets or finance accounts, the Crown domains being considered the private property of the imperial family. The sum total of the income of the imperial family is estimated, in a British Consular report of 1867, at 2,450,000l. sterling, it being added that 'about 450,000l. are spent in charities, schools, theatres, &c.,' leaving a net revenue of 2,000,0001. The following have been the Tsars and Emperors of Russia, from the time of election of Michael Romanof. Tsar Peter I. was the first ruler who adopted, in the year 1721, the title of Emperor. The above list shows that, notwithstanding many vicissitudes in the succession of the crown, the average reign of the sovereigns of Russia, for two centuries and a half, has been sixteen years. Constitution and Government. The Government of Russia is an absolute hereditary monarchy. The whole legislative, executive, and judicial power is united in the emperor, whose will alone is law. There are, however, certain rules of government which the sovereigns of the present reigning house have acknowledged as binding. The chief of these is the law of succession to the throne, which, according to a decree of the Emperor Paul, of the year 1797, is to be that of regular descent, by the right of primogeniture, with preference of male over female |