a little less than one-fifth the quantity and one-sixth the value was from Portugal.

Only about 51 per cent. of the soil of Portugal is productive; 22.6 is under tillage, 167 under grass, 8 per cent. under woods and forests, 2.2 per cent. under vineyards. Sufficient grain is not produced for the consumption of the population, but considerable quantities of potatoes, oranges, orions, figs, and garlic are exported. The average annual value of the cereal production is estimated at 8,600,000l., of which Indian corn 4,000,000l. and wheat 2,673,000l. were the chief items. The produce of wine in 1884 was 72 million gallons, 16 million gallons more than in the previous year. In 1882 there were 2,977,454 sheep and 624,658 cattle. Portugal has about 4,000 vessels engaged in fishing, and the exports of sardines and herrings are considerable. Iron ore is worked in some places, and a small quantity is exported; copper is worked in the south, and considerable quantities of copper are exported. There are no manufactures of importance. The population directly engaged in industries of various kinds, exclusive of agriculture, in 1881 was 90,998.

The commercial navy of Portugal consisted, on the 1st of January, 1886, of 469 vessels (including 36 steamers). In 1885 there entered Portuguese ports (exclusive of coasters) 5,461 vessels of 3,413,000 tons, and cleared 5,336 of 3,638,000 tons. There were besides 5,190 coasters entered and 5,158 cleared.

All

The length of railways open for traffic in January 1886 was 950 miles. At the same time 360 miles were under construction. the railways receive subventions from the State.

The number of post-offices in the kingdom in December 1885 was 1,043. There were 20,103,329 letters, 2,239,602 post-cards, and 12,385,193 newspapers carried in the year 1885; the total number of articles transmitted being 38,761,591. The number of telegraph offices, at the end of 1884, was 254. There were, at the same date, 3,112 miles of line and 7,332 English miles of wire. The number of telegrams despatched in the year 1884 was 1,213,910.

Colonies.

At the Berlin Congress of 1884-85 the claim of Portugal was admitted to the territory from Ambriz to the mouth of the Congo, along the river to nearly opposite Vivi, eastwards to the river Kwango, and south along that river to beyond 11° scuth latitude; also to a small stretch of coast north of the Congo, including Cabinda and Landana.

D D

The colonial possessions of Portugal, situated in Africa and Asia, are as follows:

The following are some more probable estimates:-Senegambia, area 350 square miles; Angola, &c., area 115,000 square miles, population 1,000,000; Mozambique, area 80,000 square miles, population 600,000. The total revenue of the colonies in 1884-85 was 675,3381., and expenditure 729,9531.

Although of small extent, the Cape Verde Islands are estimated the most important colonial possession of Portugal, politically and commercially. The island of St. Vincent is 70 English square miles in extent, but with not more than 3,297 inhabitants.

By the terms of a law passed by the Cortes Geraes of Portugal in 1858, domestic slavery came to an end, nominally. in all the Portuguese colonies and settlements on the 29th of April, 1878.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF PORTUGAL IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Senhor M. M. d'Antas, accredited Envoy and Minister to Great Britain, April 30, 1877.

Secretaries.-L. de Soveral; Chevalier Luis de Quillinan.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PORTUGAL.

Envoy and Minister.-George Glynn Petre, C.B. Appointed January 25, 1884. Secretaries.-Sir G. F. Bonham, Bart.; Sir Brooke Boothby, Bart.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Portugal, with the British equivalents, are as follows:

MONEY.

The Milreis, or 1,000 Reis Average rate of exchange, 48, 5d., or about 4 milreis to £1 sterling.

Large sums are calculated in Contos of Reis, or 1,000,000 Reis, value £222 48. 5d.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The metric system of weights and measures are the legal standards. The chief old measures still in use are:

Statistical and other Books of Reference relating to Portugal.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annuario estadistico de Portugal, 1884. Lisbon, 1886.

Boletin Official. Lisbon, 1886.

Diario da Camara dos Senhora Deputados. Lisbon, 1886.

Diario do Governo. Lisbon, 1886.

Orçamento Geral e Proposta de Lei das Receitas e das Despezas Ordinarias do Estado na Metropole para o Exercicio de 1886-87. Lisbon, 1886.

Correspondence relative to negotiations between Great Britain and Portugal, for conclusion of the Congo Treaty, 1882-84. London, 1884.

Despatch to H.M.'s Minister at Lisbon enclosing the Congo Treaty, signed February 26, 1884. London, 1884.

Report by Mr. Dudley Edward Saurin, Secretary of Legation, on the financial condition of Portugal, dated January 1880; in 'Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1880. 8. London, 1880.

Report by Mr. R. B. D. Morier, British Envoy, on the finances of Portugal, dated Lisbon, March 1, 1880; in Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Imbassy and Legation. Part II. 1880. 8. London, 1880.

Report by Mr. Crawfurd on field husbandry and cattle feeding in Northern Portugal, in 'Reports from H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular Agents Abroad." 1882.

Report by Mr. Baring on the Commerce and Finances of Portugal, in 'Report of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation.' Part IV. London, 1884.

Report by Mr. Baring on Portuguese Trade of 1881, and the Colonial Budget, in Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation,' Part I.; and on the Portuguese Budget for 1885-86, and the Custom House Returns for 1884, in Part II. 1885.

Report by Consul Goddard on the trade and commerce of Cape Verde Islands, in Part VII.; by Consul Brackenbury on the trade and commerce of Lisbon, and Consul Hayward on Madeira, in Part IX. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' 1882. Report by Consul-General Francis on the trade and commerce of Portugal in 'Reports from Consuls of United States,' September 1883. Washington, 1883. Reports on Oporto in Part I.; on Loanda in Part V.; on Lisbon and Madeira in Part VII. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1884. London, 1884. Report by Consul Brackenbury on the trade and commerce of Lisbon for 1884, in Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' Part VIII. 1885.

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Report on the commerce of Madeira and Oporto in Part IV., and on Lisbon in Part V. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' London, 1886.

Report on the trade of the Azores in No. 9, and Mozambique in No. 60, of Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' London, 1886.

Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1886. Trade of Portugal with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1885.' Imp. 4. London, 1886.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Aldama-Ayala (G. de), Compendio Geographico-estadistico de Portugal e sus Posesiones Ultramarinas. 8. Madrid, 1880.

Balbi (A.), Essai statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1862. Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Historia da Liberdade em Portugal. Vol. I. 8. Lisboa, 1869.

Barros e Cunha (J. G. de), Hoje: on the present situation, financial and political, of the Kingdom of Portugal. 8. London, 1868.

Crawfurd (Oswald), Portugal: Old and New. 8. London, 1880.

Eschwege (Wilhelm L. von), Portugal: ein Staats- und Sittengemälde, nach dreissigjährigen Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen. 8. Hamburg, 1837. Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1883.

La Teillais (C. de), Etude historique, économique et politique sur les colonies portugaises, leur passé, leur avenir. 8. Paris, 1872.

Les Colonies Portugaises. Lisbon, 1878.

Pery (Gerardo A.), Geographia e Estatistica Geral de Portugal e Colonias. 8. Lisboa, 1875.

ROUMANIA.

Reigning King.

Carol I., King of Roumania, born April 20, 1839, son of the late Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; elected 'Domnul,' or Lord of Roumania, April 20, 1866; accepted his election May 22, 1866. Proclaimed King of Roumania, March 26, 1881. Married, November 15, 1869, to Princess Elizabeth von Neuwied, born December 29, 1843.

The King has an annual allowance of 1,185,185 leï, or 47,400l.

The succession to the throne of Roumania, in the event of the King remaining childless, was settled by Art. 83 of the Constitution, upon his elder brother, Prince Leopold of HohenzollernSigmaringen, who renounced his rights in favour of his son Prince Ferdinand, the act having been registered by the Senate in October, 1880.

The union of the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia was publicly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy on December 23, 1861, the present name being given to the united provinces. The first ruler of Roumania was Colonel Couza, who had been elected 'Hospodar,' or Lord, of Wallachia and Moldavia in 1859, and who assumed the government under the title of Prince Alexander John I. A revolution which broke out in February 1866 forced Prince Alexander John to abdicate, and led to the election of Prince Carol I. The representatives of the people, assembled at Bucharest, proclaimed Roumania's independence from Turkey, May 21, 1877, which was confirmed by Art. 43 of the Congress of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878.

Constitution and Government.

The Constitution now in force in Roumania was voted by a Constituent Assembly, elected by universal suffrage, in the summer of 1866. It has twice been modified-viz. in 1879 and again in 1884. The Senate consists of 120 members, elected for 8 years, including 2 for the Universities, and 8 bishops. The Chamber of Deputies consists of 178 members elected for 4 years. A Senator must be 40 years of age and a Deputy 25. Members of either House must be Roumanians by birth or naturalization, in full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and domiciled in the country. For the Senate an assured income of about 4007. is required. All citizens