The actual revenue was not expected to exceed 1,288,674,442 marks, the deficit, 14,154,000 marks, to be covered by a loan.

For 1887-8 the revenue is estimated at 1,288,258,307 marks, and expenditure 1,316,717,307 marks, including 33,596,684 marks extraordinary expenditure.

The total expenditure amounts to a little more than 21. per head of population. The direct taxes amount to 58. 3d. per head. The income-tax averages about 18. 2d. per head of population.

The expenditure for the army and navy is not entered into the budget of Prussia, but forms part of the budget of the Empire.

The public debt of the kingdom, inclusive of the provinces annexed in 1866, was, according to the budget of 1886-7, as follows:

The charges for interest, amortisation and management of the debt amounted to 184,693,528 marks in the financial year 1886-87. The debt amounts to 71. 3s. 8d. per head of population, and the interest to 6s. 8d. per head. The clear income from the State railways alone in 1886-87 would more than pay for the yearly interest and management of the debt. The gross income from railways increased from 18,457,5277. in 1882-83 to 34,554,9731. in 1886-87.

Army.

The military organisation of the kingdom, dating from the year 1814, is based on the principle that every man, capable of bearing arms, shall receive military instruction and enter the army for a certain number of years. The conditions of service have been

already described under Germany.

Area and Population.

The area of Prussia extends over 6,311 German, or 137,066 English square miles. Prussia is administratively divided into twelve provinces, which again are subdivided into thirty-five government districts (Regierungsbezirke), with the principality of Hohenzollern, cradle of the royal family.

The following table gives the area and population, according to the census of December 1, 1885, and also 1875 and 1880:

The above are the preliminary results for the several provinces

for 1885; the definite results give 28,318,458 for the whole of Prussia.

The census returns of December 1, 1875, showed that at that date there were in Prussia 12,692,370 males and 13,050,034 females, being an excess of only 357,664 females, or less than in most other European states; in 1885, 13,893,688 males and 14,420,145 females. In 1880, the number of foreigners (exclusive of other Germans) resident in Prussia was 98,958, of whom 24,159 were Austrians, 22,770 Danish, 15,843 Dutch, 10,814 Russian, 5,221 English, 4,343 Swedes, 3,484 Swiss, 3,015 Americans, 2,732 Belgians. The total population of the kingdom in 1819 was 10,981,934. In December 1858 the population had augmented to 17,739,913, showing an increase of 61.34 per cent. for 39 years, or of 1.57 per cent. per annum. At the next census, taken December 3, 1861, thepopulation was found to have risen to 18,491,220, being an increase of 4.27 per cent. in three years. In 1866 the limits of the kingdom were enlarged from 107,757 to 137,066 English square miles, and at the next following census, taken December 3, 1867, the population amounted to 23,971,462. At the census of December 1, 1871, the population had risen to 24,639,706, showing an increase at the rate of but 0.69 per annum, the decline being accounted for by the losses of the Franco-German war of 1870-71. During the nine years from December 1, 1871, to December 1, 1880, the ratio of increase amounted to 1.13 per cent. per annum. During 1880-85 the rate of increase has been at the rate of 76 per cent. per annum.

The emigration from Prussia by German ports and Antwerp was : 145,886 in 1881, in 1882 it was 129,894, and 68,307 in 1885. In 1884 there were in Prussia 225,939 marriages, 1,094,212 births, and 761,345 deaths, the excess of births over deaths being thus 332,867. Included in these numbers were 43,133 still-born, while 8.29 per cent. of the total births were illegitimate, the rate varying from 2.8 per cent. in Westphalia to 13.60 per cent. in Berlin.

The census of 1885 gives the average density of the population at 209 per English square mile. The variation, however, is considerable, the density being highest in the manufacturing districts of Düsseldorf, in the Rhine province, where it is nearly four times the average, and smallest in the district of Köslin, Pomerania, where it amounts but to three-fifths of the average. There are a great number of towns-1,287 officially enrolled as Städte' in 1885-most of them of very limited population, spread all over the kingdom. In 1885 there were 197 towns with over 10,000 inhabitants, and a total population of 7,019,526, as against 176 in 1880, with a total population of 6,074,533. The population of the 197 towns in 1880 was only 6,268,916. The following table gives the population of the 26 principal towns at the census of December 1, 1885:

As in nearly all other states of Europe, so in Prussia there is a strong movement towards concentration of the population in the towns. While the town population increased at the rate of 2 per cent. per annum between 1875 and 1880, the country popuÎation decreased at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum. population in 1885 was 10,555,065, showing a rate of increase of 1.72 per cent. per annum since 1880, while the rate of increase in the country districts was only 226 per cent. per annum.

The town

About one-half, or twelve millions of the population of the kingdom, are dependent on agriculture, as sole or chief occupation. The number of agricultural enclosures, each cultivated by one household, was, on June 5, 1882, 3,040,196, with a population numbering, altogether, 11,678,383, of whom 4,625,893 were actively engaged on the farms. Of these farms, 1,456,724 were under 1 hectare (2.47 acres) each; 1,178,625 ranged in size from 1 hectare to less than 10; 653,941 from 10 hectares to less than 100; and 24,991 from 100 hectares upwards.

Trade and Industry.

The direct trade of Prussia with foreign countries is carried on mainly through the ports on the Baltic, and the amount of exports and imports shipped through harbours on the North Sea is comparatively unimportant. A very large portion of exports from and imports into the kingdom pass in transit through Hamburg and Bremen. The commercial intercourse of Prussia with the United Kingdom is included in that of Germany. (See p. 190.)

The mineral riches of Prussia are very considerable. The coalmines especially have developed greatly during the last halfcentury. The output in 1838 of coal, exclusive of ignite, was

2,901,713 tons; in 1857-61 the annual average was 13,031,015 tons; in 1871 it was 32,843,288 tons; in 1881, 43,780,000 tons; in 1883, 49,500,000 tons; and in 1884, 50,800,000 tons. The value of the output in 1884 was 13,028,5701., besides 11,800,000 tons of lignite, valued at 1,587,1037. The coal raised in Prussia amounts to 93 per cent. of the total coal products of Germany, and is found mostly in Silesia, Westphalia, and the Rhine province; lignite being mainly worked in Saxony. Considerable quantities of iron are also raised in Prussia, chiefly in the Rhine province, Westphalia, Silesia, Hanover, and Hesse-Nassau. The total quantity of iron ore raised in 1884 was 3,960,000 tons, valued at 1,254,1321. Copper, zinc, and lead are also found, the total value of the mining products (excluding salt) in 1884 being 18,000,000l. In 1884, 2,600,000 tons of pig-iron were produced, valued at 6,552,0207.

Prussia has a very large and complete system of railways. In April 1886 the length of the system open for traffic was as follows:

In 1878 the lines owned by the State had a length of only 4,939 kilomètres, while those owned by private companies extended to 12,880 kilomètres.

All the lines of the former territories of Hanover, Hesse, and Nassau are owned by the State, and the whole of the railways of Prussia will in time become national property. As will be seen from the budget statement a very large revenue is derived by the State from the railways.