battalion of pioneers are attached. The corps d'armée is considered a unit which is independent in itself, and includes not only troops of all three arms, but a portion of all the stores and appiiances which are required by a whole army. Each corps d'armée consists of two divisions of infantry, a cavalry division of four regiments, with two horse-artillery batteries attached, besides the two cavalry regiments attached to the infantry divisions, and a reserve of artillery of six field batteries and one mounted battery. There is, moreover, attached to each corps d'armée one battalion of pioneers and one of train.

The corps d'armée are locally distributed through the Empire monarchy, with the exception of the corps of the guards. There are (besides the Prussian corps of the guards) seventeen corps l'armée, the first eleven of which are named after Prussian provinces, and the remaining six after states of the Empire. They are:-1, Prussia; 2, Pomerania; 3, Brandenburg; 4, Saxony; 5, Posen; 6, Silesia; 7, Westphalia; 8, Rhineland; 9, SchleswigHolstein; 10, Hanover; 11, Hesse-Nassau; 12, Saxony; 13, Württemberg; 14, Baden; 15, Alsace-Lorraine; 16 and 17, Bavaria. The peace strength of the Prussian contingent of the Imperial army was given as follows in the budget estimates of 1886-7:

6

The Empire is at present divided into nine fortress districts (Festungs-Inspectionen), each including a certain area with fortified places. The following is a list of these districts, and the names of the fortresses in each, the fortified places of the first class, serving as camps, being distinguished by italics, while those specially designed for railway protection or obstruction are marked by asterisks (*), and coast fortresses by a dagger (†):–

1. Königsberg: Königsberg, Marienburg, Dirschau,* Memel, Pillau.† 2. Danzig: Danzig, Thorn, Kolberg,† Stralsund,† Swinemünde.t 3. Posen: Posen, Glogau,* Neisse, Glatz. 4. Berlin: Küstrin, Magdeburg, Spandau, Königstein, Torgau.* 5. Mayence (Mainz): Mayence, Rastatt, Strassburg, Ulm, Neu-Breisach. 6. Metz: Metz, Diedenhofen,* Saarlouis,* Bitsch.* 7.

Cologne (Cöln): Cologne, Koblenz, Ehrenbreitstein, Dusseldorf,* Wesel.* 8. Altona: Sonderburg-Düppel, Trave mouth,† Friedrichsort,† Ems mouth,t Kiel,† Elbe mouth, Weser mouth,† Wilhelmshaven.† 9. Munich (München): Ingolstadt, Germersheim.*

It will be seen that the Empire has 17 fortified places of the first class, serving as fortified camps, and 26 other fortresses,

2. Navy.

The following table gives the strength of the German Navy on April 1, 1886:

The statistics are not quite complete in some cases. Nearly all the ships are armed with torpedo gear. There are, besides, 63 completed torpedo-boats of the first class, the number of which will ultimately be 150. There are also 3 small torpedo-boats.

The following ships were in construction January 1, 1887 :2 protected corvettes, the Ersatz Elisabeth and Ersatz Ariadne, the Greif despatch vessel of 2,000 tons and 19 knots speed, 1 composite - sloop of 13 knots speed, two despatch sloops of 1,100 tons and 18 knots speed, 2 torpedo division boats of 220 tons and 19 knots speed, 1 steam-tug, and 2 mine lighters; 21 first-class torpedo-boats are also in construction.

On next page is a tabulated list of the 27 ironclads, divided into frigates, corvettes, and gunboats.

Excepting the König Wilhelm, the two most powerful ships of the navy are the ironclads Kaiser and Deutschland, launched at Poplar in 1874. They are sister-ships, 280 feet long, constructed after the designs of Sir Edward J. Reed. Each is protected with an armour belt extending all fore and aft, from 5 feet 6 inches below the waterline to the main deck, and has an armour-plated battery, fitted with 9842 English tons.

* 1 metric ton

=

This includes the Brummer and Bremse, with deck armour and no side armour.

eight 18-ton steel breech-loading Krupp guns, arranged to fire broadside. In addition to these eight guns, there are seven other guns of 4 tons weight placed on the upper deck. The thickness of armourplates on the vital parts of the belt and battery is 10 inches; elsewhere it is 8 inches. The upper and main deck beams of each ironclad are completely covered with light steel plating, and the fore

* These vessels have no side armour.

part of the lower deck is covered with plating 2 inches and 1 inches thick.

The turret-ships, Friedrich der Grosse and Preussen, were built at German dockyards, after the same model, during the years 1873 and 1874. Each of them has two turrets, with armour of the thickness of 9 and 10 inches round them, 9 inches on the side at the water-line, and 7 inches fore and aft, while the armament consists of four 22-ton guns in the turrets, and two 5-ton guns placed fore and aft. The König Wilhelm, built at the Thames Ironworks, Blackwall, and launched on the 25th of April, 1868, was designed by Sir E. J. Reed, formerly Constructor of the British Navy, and carries 29 guns made of Krupp's hammered steel. The armour is 12 inches thick amidships at the water-line, tapering gradually downwards to a thickness of 7 inches at 7 feet below the water-line. Behind the bowsprit, and midway between the main and the mizea masts, are two bulkheads each of 6-inch armour and 18 inches of teak; the forward one continues from the lower deck up through the main deck, and rises to the height of 7 feet above the spar deck, where it is curved into the form of a semicircular shield, pierced with portholes for cannon and loopholes for musketry. Within this shield are two 10-ton guns, which can be used to fire straight fore and aft, or as broadside guns. The Friedrich Karl was built at La Seyne, near Toulon, after the model of the French frigate the Couronne. The Kronprinz, built at Poplar, by Messrs. Samuda Brothers, and launched in 1867, is constructed with armour-plating 5 inches thick on the belt at the water-line, and below so arranged as to protect the rudder and steering apparatus. The armament consists of 16 steel breech-loading guns of 9 tons, besides four small guns.

Among the other vessels of the German navy, the most remarkable are the four vessels, the Zieten, the Hohenzollern, the Pfeil, and the Blitz. They are unarmoured sea-going ships for offensive warfare, constructed for great speed, calculated to be not less than 16 knots per hour.

The German navy was commanded, according to the budget of 1886-87, by 7 admirals, who had under them 719 officers of all kinds, including engineers and surgeons, and 13,955 men. The sailors of the fleet and marines are raised by conscription from among the seafaring population, which is exempt on this account from service in the army. Great inducements are held out for able seamen to volunteer in the navy, and the number of these in recent years has been very large. The total seafaring population of Germany is estimated at 80,000, of whom 48,000 are serving in the merchant navy at home, and about 6,000 in foreign navies.

Germany has three ports of war, at Kiel and Danzig, on the Baltic, and at Wilhelmshaven in the Bay of Jade, on the North Sea. The port of Wilhelmshaven is a vast artificial construction of granite, and

II. Bavaria

III. Württemberg

IV. Saxony

VI. Mecklenburg-Schwerin

VII. Hesse .

comprises five separate harbours, with canals, sluices to regulate the tide, and an array of dry docks for ordinary and ironclad vessels.

Area and Population.

The following table gives the area and population of the twenty-five States of Germany in the order of their magnitude, and of the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine, as returned at the census enumerations, taken December 1, 1875, December 1, 1880, and December 1, 1885:

States of the Empire

I. Prussia

V. Baden

VIII. Oldenburg

IX. Brunswick

At the census of December 1, 1880, the number of males was 22,185,433, and the number of females 23,048,628, being an excess of 863,195 females over males in the total population of the Empire.

The average density of the population (1885) is 221 per square mile; excluding Hamburg it is greatest in Saxony, where it reaches nearly 470 per square mile, and least in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, where it is 98 per square mile. Of the total population (in 1880) 41.4 per cent. live in towns of 2,000 inhabitants and above, and