erected several ranges of piles of timber, parallel to this wharf, which ferve as break-waters, and protect the embankment of the beach, by preventing land gravel being thrown on fhore by the tide. This extenfive work, of fuch real benefit to the public, has been continued and completed with amazing perleverance, at the private expence of Mr. Weekes. An uncommon inftance of public fpirit, at a period when folly and diffipation reign with fuch abfoJute fway. 17.] One of the ftrangest species of theft that entered into the head of man was this morning with the affiftance of a ladder, very deliberately proceeded in taking the glafs from the globes, and leaving the tin behind, moving leifurely from one to another until he had ftripped no lefs than twelve. He then with the fame deliberation carried them two by two to an adjoining field, where he broke them in fmall pieces. But luckily he was obferved, and upon being asked to account for fuch strange conduct, he replied, that it was only to raise the wind! meaning the money he expected to receive on felling the broken glass. He was inftantly apprehended and brought before the Commiflioners of Police, who committed him to the New Prifon. BIRTHS. T Randleftown, county Meath, the lady of eminent merchant.At Sport-Hall, county of Downe, Mrs. Winder, relia of the late Rev. Mr. Winder.——At Dingle, John Spring, Elq, Surveyor of that port-Andrew Nicholson, Eiq, fteward and providore to Dr. Steevens's Hofpital. In Kilkenny, Thomas Weeks, Efq; attorney at law;-In Derry, Mrs. Mitchell.-In Clareftreet, Mifs O'Binns.-In Limerick, Mrs. Piercy, lady of Richard Piercy, Efq; and Mrs. Waller, lady of Edward Waller, of Newport, Efq.Arthur M'Calley, of Newgrove, in the county of Longford, Efq. A PROMOTIONS. LDERMAN Henry Hart, for the Barrack divifion.-Alderman Thomas Emerson, for the Work-Houfe divifion.-Aldərman John Es. fhaw, for Stephen's-Green division, and Alderman Richard Moncrieffe, for the Rotunda divif. on, to be refident Justices of the Police, within thefe diftricts of the city of Dublin.Oliver Carleton, Efq; to be High Conftable of the diftri-Mr. Philip Henry Godfrey, Chief Conftable of the Barrack divifion.Mr. Edward Pearfe Willington, Chief Conftable of the Ro. tunda divifion-Mr. John Atkinson, Chief Contable of Stephen's-Green divifion-Mr. John Hall, Chief Conftable of the Work-Houfe divifion. Alderman George Alcock, fworn Lord Mayor.-Wm. Thompfon, and Tho. Flemming, A Thomas Big, of a daughter. Eigrs. Iworn High Sheriffs of the city In Harcourt-freet, the lady of Charles Stanley Monck, Efq; of two daughters.In DorfctStreet, the lady of Richard Sheridan, Efq; of a ion. At Bandon, the lady of John King, Efq; of a fon. J MARRIAGES. JOHN Yeaden Lloyde, Efq;, High Sheriff of the county of Rofcommon, to Mifs Crofton, daughten of the Rev. Henry CroftonyAt Wicklow, the Rev. Thomas Forfer, to Mils Howie Thomas Harris, Elq; Lieut in the 45th regiment of foot, to Mrs. Fortelcue, relict of the late Faithful Fortefcue, of Cordery, co. Louth, Esq.-The Rev. Mr. Hill, of Ballynure, to Mifs Helena Rogers-William Minchin, of Greenhills, county Tipperary, Elq; to Mifs Minchin, daughter of John Minchin, of Bulherftown, King's county, Elq-Charles Annelley, of Ballyfen, county Kildare, Eiq; to Milk Car ter, of Great Longford-street.--In Kilpeacon church, county Limerick, William Gabbett, jun, Egg of Mount Mimet, to Mifs Mary Wilkinton, of Cahirelly. Hugh Crothers, of Lurgan-ftreet, Elq; to Mils Strangers of North Cumberland freet At Ellenville, near Cloyne, Captain Otway, of the 48th regiment of foot, to Mils Deborah Maxwell, daughter of the late Cole. Maxwell, of the county Limerick, Blq. A DE A T H S. T Limerick, Mrs. Bourke, lady of Wm. Bourke, of Pallas, county Tipperary, Efq. and fuddenly, Mrs. Martin, reli&t of the late Dr. Martin. At Wexford, Wm. Radford, of Gurtins, Elq-At Tullycairne, near Dromore, John Magili, Efq.-At Armagh, Mif Elizabeth Mecan, fecond daughter of Thoi Mecan, Eiq.John Atkins, of Leddington, in the county of Cok, Big-In Cork, Paul Beaton, Efq; an lin, for the year enfuing.-Molefworth Green, +++ Mr. Aftle's Analysis of the Art of Waiting, in our next. On the recent Death of the Princess Amelia, we have taken the firft Opportunity of prefenting our Readers with a striking Likeness of her late Royal Highness, copied from an Original Painting. Fay on Mourning. From the Cabinet des Modes. King of Pruf THE recent death of the ia, furnifhes us with a proper occafion to give a fhort hif tory of national cuftoms, refpecting thofe periodical dreffes, called mourning. Perfonal mourning, which is the outward mark of forrow, and from whence it derives its name, is worn among all civilized people; and though not expreffed in the Tame form and manner by all, has certain the fame object for its primary fource. The ladies of Sparta, and of Rome, when they wished to fhew a manifeft fign of ex reme grief, conftantly wore white; but it nust be obferved, that they had their several gradations of drefs, as is common among us, which were regulated agreeably to the time appointed for the public indication of woe, and proportioned to the magnitude of the lofs they had fuftained. They were accuflomed to wear thofe habits for a whole year. The men doubtlefs had their vestments of the fame colour, but diftinguished by other figns. The Grecians, according to the fashions of the eaft, cut their hair; the Romans, on the contrary, let their hair grow, as well as their beards. But the Grecians did more; they not only cut their own hair, but likewife the hair of their horfes, upon the tombs of their parents and friends. This ceremony was obferved in all public calamities, particularly after the lofs of a battle. The natives of Caflile were accuftomed to wear white on the death of their Princes, till 1498, when they af Hib. Mag. Nov. 1786. fumed black at the deceafe of Prince Don John. White is at prefent adopted by the Chinese, on melancholy occafions; blue or violet is the reigning mode in Turkey; yellow prevails among the Egyptians; pale grey in Ethiopia; and the mouse coloured grey in Peru. Every nation has, without doubt, its par ticular motives for the choice of a certain colour to denote affliction. White may be fuppofed to fignify the purity of the mind; the yellow, or feuille-mort, (i. e. dead leaf) that we are arrived at the extremity of human hope, because the leaves of the trees when they fall, and the herbs when they are withered, feems yellow; the grey is emblematical of earth, or the house of Death; the black is ftrongly expreffive of the privation of life, because it is evidently a symbol of the privation of light: the blue, or azure, conveys a pleafing idea of the tranquil ferenity enjoyed by those who are in a state of eternal happiness; and the violet, being a colour blended equally with red and blue, intimates the fufferings of humanity on the one fide, and the hope of immortal raptures on the other Among us, and our immediate neigh bours, black is established as the filent herald of our fufferings. The prefent ceremonies annexed to public mourning have not been known very long, either to the furrounding nations or ourselves. The fashion was different at the commencement of the reign of Philip Auguftus. Since the ordinance iffued in 1716, by Louis the XV. which reduced the time ufually allotted for mourning to one half, and fettled the partiBbbb cular Uncles and aunts mourning for their ne phews, when they are the head of the family, obferve the fame rules as for a father or mother. cular manner in which it fhould be obferv- black, they are diftinguished by a gold draed, no one wears compleat great mourning gan at the fword-hilt. but for the lofs of a father or a mother, a grandfather or a grandmother, hufband or wife, or brother or fifter; thefe are called full mournings, and are divided into three claffes, as woollen, filk, and half-mourning. All other mournings have but two diftinctions, white and black. It is not the cuftom to wear woollen in this kind of mourning, and on fuch occafions, the ladies have the privilege of wearing diamonds, and the gentlemen fwords and filver buckles. When in mourning for a father or a mother, a grandfather or grandmother, or a wife, the men wear both great and fmall weepers for the firft three weeks, and the fmall only during the three following. For a father or mother, the mourning remains for fix months; fix weeks for the great and small weepers, fix weeks after in woollen without weepers, fix weeks in filk, and fix more in half-mourning. For a grandfather or grandmother, eighteen weeks; three with fmall weepers, three with fmall weepers, fix in woollen, and fix in half mourning. For a brother or fifter, two months; woollen during the space of one month, fifteen days in filk, and fifteen days in half mourning. For an uncle or aunt, three weeks; fifteen days in woollen, and fifteen days in half mourning. For a coufin German, fifteen days; eight days with bordered ruffles, and feven days in half-mourning. For an uncle or first coufin, according to the cuftom of Brittany, eleven days; fix days in black, and five days in black white. For a fecond coufin, eight days; days in black, and three in white. and five A wife mourns for her husband, a year and fix weeks; four months and a half in cambrick, the cloak, gown, and petticoat of French fluff, four months and a half in crape and woollen, three months in filk and gauze, and fix weeks in half-mourning. A hufband for his wife, fix months; the forms the fame as for a father or mother. The time of mourning allotted for a brother or fifter, an uncle or an aunt, rezains to be fixed; it is increafed and worn for fix months, on coming to the poffèffion of a fortune, the fame as for a father or mother. The clergy denote a full mourning by wearing a white band, a caflock, and a crape fash. The mourning uniform of the military is fignified by a black crape bound round the aris; but, when dreiled in a full fuit of The chancellor is the only perfon in the kingdom who never wears mourning for any fubject whatever; because he is detached, by his fituation, in fome measure, from himself, as the principal representative of justice. The mourning of the king for a deceafed monarch, is a violet coloured cloth, which he wears for the first three months. Her majefty wears mourning like her fubjects. The fubjects appear in mourning for the king in the fame form as for a father or mother. On the death of a potentate, who is not the father of her majefty, or of any queen, who is not her mother, they wear mourn ing for twenty one days; as, in the prefent inftance, for the King of Pruffia: on the demife of foreign fovereigns who were the father or mother of her majefty, they wear mourning the fame as on the death of their natural monarch. The mourning for his Pruffian majefty was worn for the prescribed length of time, but not always compleatly fashionable.The gentlemen wear their ruffles with borders, filver buckles, and the reft black; that is to fay, with breeches, waistcoat, and ftockings, of black cloth or filk: fome are dreffed in a coloured frock, and numbers wear black woollen frocks, lined with black filk; but thefe would be confidered as improper dreffes to appear in, on the promenade or any other public place. The num ber of thofe perfons who drefs agreeably to the forms of fashion, with filver hilted fwords and buckles, are very inconfiderable. They appear for the moft part with white ftockings, black breeches, and white waiftcoat, embroidered with black filk; but it is a long time fince this dress was fashionable, and they wear nothing now but black dra pery beneath the coat. The two epochas of mourning were diflinguished by the gentle men only in their rules; which, at the first period, were made of plain muflin with borders, and at the fecond, they were net ted with open borders. They were acci tomed, either in the firft or fecond degrees of mourning, to wear any thing white uaderneath the coat: but we take upon us to prefume, that this old fashion will not foon return, and ftill lefs the cultom of wearin? white ftockings, with black waistcoat and breeches, which is the drefs of all the jour meymen taylors in the comedy of the Bear geois Gentilhomme. They difcovered th mode 1786. 1 On the Advantages of Public Education. mode to be fo compleatly odious, that it will be a long time before we wear any thing but black beneath the coat. The papers which officially announce a public mourning, fpeak no more of white ftockings, and white embroidered waistcoats; be- caufe fuch an idea is supposed to indicate half-mourning. The ladies, at the firft epocha, wore gowns of black filk, decorated with the fame, or black gauze. Their hats were covered with gauze and diamonds. A confiderable number dreffed in white muflin, with black petticoats and stomachers, their hats or bonnets illuminated with diamonds; with gauze caps, and black and white fea thers. At the fecond epocha, they wore gowns of white filk, with blue and rofe coloured ribbands, blended with gauze and diamonds; but a prodigious number varied this drefs, according to their particular fancies; but they all wore caps, without any material. diftinction, of gauze raised in puffs, or puckered, with chapeau bonnets. As we have given an exact account of the manner obferved on the death of the king of Pruffia, it may ferve as an eftablifhed rule for the first court mourning which fhall occur. From this account, which is faithfully tranflated, the English reader will be ena bled to trace the analogy between our mourn ing and that of France. Mr. Afile's Analyfis of the Art of Writing ALL Characters whatever muft neceffa rily be either HIEROGLYPHIC or SYMBOLIC. The former are in their nature imitative; of the latter kind are arbitrary marks for SOUNDS called Letters, which become fignificant by compact or agreement. Thefe marks do not derive their powers from their forms, but from the SOUNDS which men have agreed to annex to them; they admit of fo great a variety of combinations and arrangements, that a small number of them are fufficient for making visible all words in all languages; and although much has been faid by writers of different ages and countries, concerning the FORMS of letters, it is obvious, that all characters must neceffarily be compofed of lines or curves, or of both. The Art of Writing has, by many refpecta ble perfons of different nations, been fuppofed beyond the reach of the human mind, unless affifted by an immediate communication from Heaven; yet, I conceive, I have demonftrated, that mental conceptions which have no corporeal forms, may become perceptible to the fight, by adapting a fufficient number of marks to the founds of any language, and by arranging and combining 563 them properly. By thefe marks we are enabled to transfer ideas from the ear to the eye, and vice verfa. For example- If I dictate to an Amanuenfis, my ideas are conveyed to him, through the medium of sounds fignificant, which he draws into vifion by means of marks fignificant of those founds. If I read aloud to an audience from any author, his ideas are impreffed on my mind, through the medium of fight, by the marks for founds or letters, and thefe ideas are likewife impreffed on the, minds of the audience through the fenfe of hearing. From thefe proofs refult the following definition which I have given of this wonderful Art. WRITING may be defined to be the Art of rendering" mental conceptions perceptible to the fight by means of marks or characters, fignificant by compact, of the SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE." The Advantages of Public Education exemplified in the Story of Geminus and Gemellus. (Concluded from page 519.) By Nature you're his father; I by counsel. THIS COLMAN. HIS letter fixed the fate of Gemellus. Refentments are not eafily diflodged from narrow minds; Euphorion had not penetration to diftinguish between the characters of his children; he faw no meannefs in the fly infidious manners of his homebred favourite, nor any fparks of generous pride in the fteady inflexibility of Gemellus; he little knew the high principle of honour, which even the youngeft fpirits communicate to each other in the habits and manners of a public school. He bitterly inveighed againft his neighbour the lawyer, for perfuading him to fuch a fatal fyftem of education, and whenever they met in company their converfation was engroffed with con. tinual arguing and reproachings; for neither party receded from his point, and Gemellus's advocate was as little difpofid to give him up as his father was to excufe him. At laft they came to a compromife by which Euphorion agreed to charge his estate with an annuity for the education and fupport of Gemellus, which annuity during his nonage was to be received and administered by the faid lawyer, and Geminus left heir of his whole fortune, this moderate incumbrance excepted. The difinterested and profcribed offender was now turned over to the care of the lawyer, who regularly defrayed his school expences, and never failed to visit him at thofe periods, when country practitioners ufually refort to town. The boy, apprized Bbbbz of of his fituation, took no further pains to affuage his father's refentment, but full of re fources within himself, and poffeffed of an active and afpiring genius, preffed forward in his bufinels, and foon found himfelf at the head of the school, with the reputation of being the best scholar in it. on you, Sir, with a requeft in which I flatter myself I fhall be feconded by this worthy gentleman here prefent. You have the honour to be father to one of the moft amiable and accomplished young men I ever knew; it may not become me to speak fo warmly of my fon as perhaps I might with truth, but I flatter myself it wil be fome recommendation of him to your good opinion, when I tell you that he is the friend and intimate of your Gemellus. They have now gone through school and college toge ther, and according to my notions of the world fuch early connections, when they are well chofen, are amongst the chief advantages of a public education; but as I now purpose to fend my fon upon his travels, and in fuch a manner as I flatter myself will be for his benefit and improvement, I hope you will pardon this intrusion, when I in form you that the object of it is to folicit your confent that Gemellus may accompanyhim." He had formed a close friendship, according to the custom of great fchools, with a boy of his own age, the fon of a nobleman of high diftinction, in whofe family Gemellus was a great favourite, and where he never failed to pafs his holidays, when the school adjourned. His good friend and guardian the lawyer faw the advantages of this early connection in their proper light, and readily confented to admit his ward of the fame college in the university, when Gemellus and his friend had compleated their school education. Here the attachment of thefe young men became more and more tolid, as they advanced nearer to manhood, and after a course of academical studies, in which Ge- Euphorion's countenance, whilft this mellus ftill improved the reputation he speech was addreffed to him, underwent a brought from Weftminster, it was propofed variety of changes; furprize at hearing fuch that he should accompany his friend upon is an unexpected character of his fon was travels, and a proper governor was engaged ftrongly expreft; a gleam of joy feemed to for that fervice. This propofal rather ftag- break out, but was foon difpelled by fhame gered Gemellus's guardian on the fcore of and vexation at the reflection of ha expence, and he now found it neceflary for ving abandoned him: he attempted to to open himself to Euphorion. With this fpeak, but confufion choacked him : he cafta intent he called upon him one morning, and look of embarrassment upon the lawyer, taking him afide, told him, he was come to but the joy and triumph which his features confer with him on the fubject of Gemellus exhibited, appeared to him like infult, and "I am forry for it," interpofed Euphorion. he turned his eyes on the ground in filence "Hold, Sir," anfwered the lawyer, in- and defpair. No one emotion had escaped terrupt me not if you pleafe; tho' Gemel- the obfervation of Gemellus's patron, who lus is my ward, he is your fon; and if you turning to the lawyer, faid he believed have the natural feelings of a father, you he need not affect to be ignorant of will be proud to acknowledge your right in Gemellus's fituation, and then addreffing him as fuch."-As he was fpeaking thefe himself again to Euphorionwords an aukward fervant burft into the "can readily understand,” said he, “ that room, and ftaring with fright and confufion, fuch a propofal as I have now opentold his mafter there was a great lord ed to you, however adavntageous it might in a fine equipage had actually driven up promile to be to your fon, would not cor to the hall door, and ws afking to speak with refpond with your ideas in point of expence, him. Euphorion's furprize was now little nor come within the compafs of that limited lels than his fervant's, and not being in the provifion, which you have thought fit to habit of receiving vifits from people of dif- appoint for him. This is a matter of which tinction, he eagerly demanded of the law- I have no pretenfions to speak; you have yer who this vifitor could poffibly be, and difpofed of your fortune between your cafting an eye of embarrassment upon his in the proportions you thought fit, and it gouty foot-"I am not fit to be seen," must be owned a youth, who has had a do faid he, and cannot tell how to escape; meftic education, ftands the most in need of for heaven's fake! go and fee who this vi- a father's help, from the little chance there fitor is, and keep him from the fight of me, is of his being able to take care of himself. if it be poflible.' Gemellus has talents that muft fecure his fortune, and if my fervices can affift him, they fhall never be wanting; in the mean time it is very little for me to fay that my purfe will furnish their joint occafions, whilft they are on their travels, and Gemellus's little fund, which is in honeft and friendly hands, will accumulate in the interin.” Euphorion had fearce done fpeaking, when the door was thrown open, and the noble ftranger, who was no leis a perfon than the father of Gemellus's friend, made his approach, and having introduced himself to Euphorion,andapologized for the abruptness of his vifit, proceeded to explain the occafion it in the following words:-"I wait up. The fons 1 |