1786. Serious Addrefs to the Abps. and Bps. in Behalf of the Inferior Clergy. 361 the divine direction. So that in this cafe brutes and men are on an equal footing. Some again will tell us, that brutes act entirely from inftinct; but if we ask them what this word inftinct implies, except they will grant it to be reafon, under another name, they can make no rational reply. In fact, this word inftinct is without any real meaning whatever; a vague term without an idea, and the greateft metaphyfician would be at a lofs to define it. If it has any meaning at all, it must mean reafon in general, and fo is equally applicable to the principle which actuates the human, as well as to that which actuates the brutal frame. But now it may be asked what becomes of the fouls of brutes, which being immaterial must be immortal? To which I fhall freely anfwer with the learned Le Clerc, "I know not; but it is nevertheless true that fouls refide in them, there is no neceffity that we should know all things, nor are we therefore prefently to deny any thing because we cannot give an account of it. We are to receive those things that are evident, and be content to be ignorant of thofe things which we cannot know." But however it is moft probable, and I believe, that as they were partakers of the original hap. pinefs, fo they fhall partake of the final Paradifiacal happiness of man; which is highly favoured by what St. Paul fays, Rom. viii. 19, 20, 21, 22. As they have attended man in his original happiness, and in his great calamity, fo moft probably will they attend him, at the great and final reftitution of all things be fharers in his deliverance as well as of his bondage. It may likewife perhaps, be asked, of what ufe are difquifitions on this fubject, which we can underftand but imperfectly? I aufwer, the confideration of this fubject, will difpofe us to adore and to magnify the great Creator, Sovereign and Parent of the Univerfe, whofe tender mercy is over all his works it will and muft incline us to compaffionate thofe innocent beings, to imitate in our conduct towards them, that of our heavenly Father It may, and ought alfo to induce us to look, and prepare for that glorious and happy time, when all things fhall be renewed, when Paradife fhall be reftored, and they partake of the happiness of the children of God. towards us. The following Addrefs, To the most reverend the Archbishops, and the Right Reverend the Bishops of the Church of England, is Jo truly affecting, and comes home fo Jeelingly to the Bofom of every truly bene Hib. Mag. July, 1786 volent Mind, that we cannot help expreffing our varmefi Wishes for its Success. the My Lords, left is a plea in the behalf of HE fubject of this letter will need no apoWidows of the poor Clergy. Situated as you are at the head of the church, abounding in affluence, the favoured fervants of a mafter" who has given you all things richly to enjoy" may I entreat you to ftoop down and viewmay I implore your attention to the wants, nay to the wretchednefs of many, whofe lot it is to fhare in the humbler fortunes of the fervants of Jefus Chrift. It is too true that the Reformation commenced with depriving the Clergy of a great part of their property. In return they were permitted to marry; the permiffion was truly defirable-but the power which granted them the indulgence, fhould have left the means of embracing it, without the mortifying alloy of certain mifery. The fituation I had almoft faid the pitiable fituation of the inferior Clergy of this kingdom is fo fully known, that every attempt to declare it would be fuperfluous. They receive the education of gentlemen, they toil with unwearied perfeverance thro the thorny paths of fcience, they anticipate the reward of their application in the future patronage of their fuperiors-in the good offices of those whofe glory it fhould be to reward merit and encourage virtue. I will felect an individual; he leaves the great nurfery of learning, in pursuit of preferment in the Church unto which he has been devoted; he offers his fervices to a Rector of State, who views him afkance, and enquires after the Heads of his College; when fatisfied that he is a gentleman and a Scholarhe is offered-what fhall I fay ?—It is well if it be forty pounds a year. Mortifying as our young clerical adventurer feels the terms, he knows not where to enlarge them— he accepts the ftipend in hopes of better days. Fixed on his curacy, he becomes the admiration of the village. A variety of agreeable females prefs upon his obfervation, and claim his attention; he finds himself alive to the tender paffion; nay, that he poffeffes the paffions of richer men. Young and unexperienced, he purfues his inclination, he forms a premature attachment, and marries -perhaps without the smalleft fortune; he confoles himself that he is joined to the object of his affections, and it is fufficient in apology for the lady to say that he has married a clergyman.. Neither of them fufpect the days, and months, and years of trial, which await them. The fpace however is fhort ere they feel the weight of an Z z increasing increafing family; he begins to know by painful conviction, his inability to fuftain an addition to his domeftic expence. He enters upon a course of self-denial; he gives up what before feemed neceffary to his comfort; he fares hard, his cloaths are coarfe, he struggles with his difficulties and disappointments with a manly refolution; he at length finds that his difficulties and embarrassments are not to be furmounted, he preffes his wife to his bofom, he takes his children to his knees and drops over them the tender tear, he anticipates their diftreffes, he has no means to prevent them, he forefees his wife the wretched and unprotected widow, his children diftreffed orphans. The idea preffes upon his mind, it becomes too pungent for his fenfibility, his poverty and grief overcome his fortitude, and he quits the world with a broken heart. Had I, my Lords—had I the pencil of Sir Joshua, I would choose for my subject the poor Clergyman's widow returning from the grave; I would trace her to her lowly manfion-I would mark her entrance-I would depict thofe agonizing careffes with which, in the moment of her defpair, the preffes her fatherless children. When I had finished my piece, I would request permiffion to place it near your Lordships Beach in the Upper houfe; it would furnish you with a fubject for devout contemplation, while matters foreign to your profeffion were difcuffing. I will do your Lordships the juftice to believe, that a picture of this nature would awaken your attention-it would fit your breafts for the full exertion of those virtues which are fo congenial to your characters. Your own wisdom, my Lords, will fuggeft what is to be done. Would it be impoffible to obtain an act for laying a tax upon every living in the kingdom in proportion to its value?I think no clergyman would be diffatisfied with a contribution which would do fo much honour to his order. If fuch a one fhould chance to be found, I would refign him to the derifion of the world, to the chaftisement of his own confcience, to the juft contempt of the virtuous, the humane, and the good. Your Lordships know, that what I have here prefumed to fuggeft has long been the cafe in Scotland. Not a clergyman's widow --not a clergyman's child is to be found deftitute. Are we, my Lords, poffeffed of lefs benevolence? are our livings of lefs value? Certainly they are not.-You have it, my Lords, in your power, to make a new ara in the Hiftory of the Church of England-to hand down to pofterity the mild luftre of your names-nay, what fhould be ftill higher in the eftimation of Chriftian Bishops-you have it in your power to mul Shall I fay one word more to my Lord of Rochefter? Are the Society of decayed Muficians and their families the only objects proper for our attention ?▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ No! your Lordship's humanity was confpicuous in claiming a part for another benevolent inftitution. The facred roof of Westminster Abbey, my Lord, would certainly refound with no lefs melody in favour of the Widows of the Clergy! We have Sovereigns who will cherish this idea, who are ever ready to dry up the tear of affliction, and to leffen the number of human calamities. With fuck patronage, and under the wife direction of your Lordships-aided, if necessary, by an annual fermon from every pulpit in the kingdom, would it be too fanguine to hope that the cry of the Levite's Orphan would cease, and the widows lamentation be heard no more? I am, my Lords, your dutiful and obedient fervant, CLERICUS. On Oeconomy. To trace, with patient induftry, the page R SHENSTONE. ICHES are for fpending; but spending is for honour and good actions. A virtuous man, therefore, will proportion all extraordinary expenses to the importance of the occafion. With refpect to ordinary expenfes, they must be regulated by the income we enjoy; fuch prudent care being taken, that, as much as poffible, they may lie under one's own management, and not fubject to the deceit and abuse of servants. The idea of frugality has been carried fo far, that, to guard against those contingencies that may difconcert the wifeft plans, it has been recommended to those who would preferve that independence which competency alone can give, not to permit their ordinary expenfes to exceed one half of their income. There is, however, a certain happy medium between penurioufnefs and indifereet expenfe, which can be obtained only by a habit of attention as well as of felf-government. It is not meanness in the greatest to defcend and to look into their own eftates. Some forbear this, not from negligence only, but from an apprehenfion that they thall find them involved; but fuch fhould recollect, that 1786. Hiftory of the Empire of Indoftan. that a good furgeon, for inftance, in order to cure a wound, muft necessarily fearch it. And he that can look into his own affairs but feldom, is certainly wife to turn all, if poffible into certainty,by one general arrangement. Those who are profufe in fome kind of expenfes fhould be faving at least in others; for he that is profufe in every kind of expense can hardly be preserved from ruin. The Hiftory of the Empire of Indoftan, with the Rife and Progress of the Carnatic War. (Continued from p. 308.) HE number of French prifoners in Tritchinopoly, obliged major Lawrence to augment the garrifon to 300 Europeans, and 1500 Sepoys; 150 of the bat talion likewife remained fick in the hofpital; fo that the whole force with which he kept the field was no more than 500 Europeans, including the artillery men, and 1800 Sepoys; the French battalion, reinforced in December with 200 men, was now equal to the English, and they had moreover four companies of Topaffes, each of 100 men, diftinct from their battalion; they had alfo 6000 Sepoys, and the Myforeans and Marattahs remained as before, with little alteration in their numbers. Notwithstanding this fuperiority, the enemy did not venture to quit the island and encamp to the fouth of the Caveri. The plain of Tritchinopoly having been fo long the feat of war, fcarce a tree was left ftanding for feveral miles round the city; and the English detachments were obliged to march five or fix miles to get firewood. Their provifions came chiefly from the Tanjore country; but the merchants would not venture nearer than Tricatapolly, a fort eighteen miles eaft of Tritchino poly, from whence, when a fufficient quantity was collected, they were escorted to the camp. What came from Tondeman's country was brought at appointed times to the fkirts of his woods, within fix or feven miles of the camp. The detachments fent on thefe fervices were feldom lefs than 150 Europeans, and 500 Sepoys, a force which the enemy's cavalry, unfupported by Europeans, were always afraid to attack; and feven convoys were fafely escorted from the beginning of January to the middle of February; at which time a convey was in readinefs, much larger than any of the former, for it confifted of a great quantity of military ftores, as well as provifions, the car riage of which required no less than 3000 oxen: the efcort was therefore made ftronger than ufual, being compofed of the grenadier company of 100 men, 80 other Europeans, 800 Sepoys, and four pieces of can 363 non; this force, although more than one third of the army, was scarcely adequate to the convoy; and, what was ftill more unfortunate, the command of the party fell, by the rotation of military duty, to an officer of little experience, and lefs ability: however, as the enemy had lately exerted themselves fo little, little danger was apprehended; and it was imagined that a party of Tanjorine horse which lay encamped at Cootaparah, five miles north east of Elimiferum, would join the efcort upon any emergency; but thefe, whether inadvertently, or from a malicious defign of avoiding the fervice expected from them, quitted their poft the 12th of February, the very day that the efcort marched; which, however, arrived without interruption at Tricatapolly in the evening, from whence they set out with the convoy the next day, and gained Kelly Cotah, where they paffed the night. This fort is fituated about five miles to the east of Cootaparah, and the road between thefe two places lay through the skirts of Tonde man's woods. The enemy at Seringham receiving intelligence that the party were returning, determined to meet them with a fufficient force; 1100 horfe, Marattahs and Myforeans, 6000 Sepoys, 400 Europeans, with feven pieces of cannon, crofled the river in the night, and pofted themselves a little to the caft of Cootaparah, The convoy continuing their march at day break the 15th, advanced two miles from Kelly Cotah without any fufpicion of danger when they dif covered at a distance feveral bodies of caval ry moving on all sides amongst the thickets and underwood. The commanding officer nevertheless made no change in his difpofition, which happened to be the very worst that could have been imagined; for he had diftributed the troops in Imall bodies along each fide of the line of bullocks and carts, and even in the front and rear kept no more than a fingle platoon. The Marattahs were commanded by Morari-row and Innis Khan, who foon difcovered the weakness of this order of march, and refolved to take advantage of it without waiting for the French troops. On a fudden, all the different bodies of cavalry, which furrounded the convoy, fet up a fhout in concert, and galloping up at full fpeed charged every part of the line almoft in the fame inftant; fome pushing on to the intervals which feparated the different platoons, and then falling on their' flanks, whilft others attacked them in front, The onfet was fo fudden and impetuous, that few of the English troops had time to give more than a fingle discharge, after which, what refiftance they made, was all pell mel, and in confufion, every man trufting only to himself, and refolving to fell his life as dear as poffible. Most of the Sepoys Aung low that the care of that happiness is the may be thrown upon it, in confequence of prefumption that you alfo write without par An Account of George robert FITZ- G EORGE ROBERT FITZGERALD was the eldest fon of George Fitzgerald, Efq; of Rockfield, a place about two miles diftant from the town of Caftlebar. His mother was lady Mary Hervey, fifter to the late and prefent Earls of Briftol. He received, it is faid, his education at Eton, where he acquired a very competent share of literature, at least fufficient to preferve him from the contempt of the learned *. At an early age he married Miss Conolly, fifter to the Right Hon. Thomas Conolly, member of parliament for the county of Londonderry, and coufin-german to his Grace the Duke of Leinfter. With this lady Mr. Fitzgerald received a fortune of ten thousand pounds, and at the fame time his father executed a deed of fettlement, by which he engaged to al low him a yearly income of one thoufand pounds; but as this was either irregularly or not at all paid, it became one of the fources of the contention between father and fon, which terminated in the end fatal to both. Soon after the celebration of Mr. Fitzgerald's marriage with Mils Conolly, the young couple went abroad, and after an absence of ten years, during which time Mrs. Fitzgerald died, leaving him one daughter only who is ftill living, he returned to Ireland in the year 1775. During his refidence in England, he lived a life of boundless diffipation; and being poffeffed of perfonal courage, he was frequently involved in quarrels, which usually ended with reputation to his valour, though to his difgrace as a member of fociety. One of the firft occafions of his becoming an ob ject of public notice, was in the year 1773, when being at Vauxhall, in company with a captain Croft and fome other persons, he wantonly interfered in a quarrel begun by his companion with the Rev. Mr. Bate on account of fome misbehaviour to Mrs. Hartley, the actress. In the course of this bufinefs Mr. Fitzgerald introduced his footman to Mr. Bate under the character of a gentleman, and imposed upon him in fuch a man ner that he was induced to box with his anNOTE. *There is a poem by him, printed at Dublin, entitled The Riddle, and infcribed to John Scott, Efq; now Lord Earlsfort, Chief Juftice of the King's Bench. tagonist. 1786: Account of George Robert Fitzgerald, Efq. tagonist. This trick being foon afterwards difcovered, Mr. Bate expofed Mr. Fitzgerald's behaviour in the public papers, in which he held him up to ridicule with great fuccefs for feveral weeks. The conteft engaged much the attention of the town, and in the conclufion of it, public opinion decided in favour of Mr. Bate's conduct, and universally condemned that of his feveral opponents. Amongst those who cenfured Mr. Fitzgerald's behaviour on this occafion, was a gentleman of the name of Scawen, who gave his opinion with great freedom in his prefence. This occafioned high words, and even a blow, which compelled Mr. Fitzgerald to call Mr. Scawen to account. A duel was the confequence, of which the following relation was given by Capt. Nicholas Nugent, Mr. Scawen's fecond. "On Wednesday Sept. 1ft, Mr. Scawen and Mr. Fitzgerald, with their feconds and furgeons, met at Lifle, according to the appointment of Mr. Fitzgerald. All matters relating to the duel being adjufted, they arrived at their ground, in the Auftrian dominions, between Lifle and Tournay, about a quarter before seven in the evening. The feconds having measured the distance, which, by mutual agreement, was ten paces, each gentleman took his poft. Mr. Scawen in going to his ground, afked Mr. Fitzgerald if he chofe to fire firft? who replied, it was matter of indifference to him; but altering his opinion, faid he would take the first shot; to which Mr. Scawen readily áffented. Mr. Fitzgerald then prefented his piftol and fired; the fhot feemed to pafs very near Mr. Scawen. After Mr. Fitzgerald had fired his first piftol, he took hold of the other, and food with it in the attitude of presenting, to receive Mr. Scawen's fire. Mr. Scawen then prefented his piftol, but before he could pull the trigger, was furprized at the report of Mr. Fitzgerald's fecond piftol. On this Mr. Scawen immediately recovered his, telling Mr. Fitzgerald at the fame time, that as both bis piftols were discharged, he could not think of firing at him, and inftantly difcharged his in the air. Mr. Fitzgerald replied, I affure you I did not mean it.-my piftol went off by accident; but I'll load again. The feconds and furgeons here interpofed, in order to accommodate the affair; and Mr. Scawen coming up, addreffed himself to Mr. Fitzgerald, and faid, he hoped his behaviour had now fufficiently convinced him that he was not deficient in point of courage; and as a further reparation for the blow he had given, he was not ashamed to present him with a cane (which at that inftant he took from the French furgeon) defiring him to ufe it as he thought proper. Mr. Fitzgerald, after raising the cane (which did not appear to me to have touched Mr. Scawen) politely returned it, faying, "I retract all the afper 367 fions I ever caft upon your honour, am now convinced you never deferved them, and with there may be no retrofpect of past tranfactions." A reconciliation being thus happily effected, the parties returned on their way to Lifle, where Mr. Fitzgerald likewife made a handfome apology for having fired his fecond piftol, declaring it was accidental. The whole company afterwards paffed the evening together, and feparated the next morning perfectly fatisfied." At this period Mr. Fitzgerald's finances were in a ftate of fluctuation, as the chance of the dye, or his own skill in gaming, gave a turn to his affairs. In 1775, we find him again prefenting himself to public notice in his character of gambler and duellift; and, as ufual, with fome diminution of the small remains of character which, adhered to him. At this time he published a pamphlet, intitled, " An Appeal to the Jockey Club; or a true Narrative of the late Affair between Mr. Fitzgerald and Mr. Walker," 8vo. This was followed by an "Answer to Mr. Fitzgerald's Appeal; by Thomas Walker, Efq;" 8vo. and that by the "Reply to Thomas Walker, Efq; ci-devant Cornet of Burgoyne's Light Dragoons; by George Robert Fitzgerald, Efq." 8vo. It was well obferved in one of the literary journals of the times, that the quarrels of gamblers no way concerned the public; and that the fooner they cut one another's throats, the better it would be for fociety. In this laft pamphlet Mr. Fitzgerald boafts of his dexterity in the art of duelling. "I know, fays he, from trials fucceffively repeated twenty times one after another, I can at that diftance (i. e. fix paces) hit any part of the human body, to a line which poffibly (addreffing his antagonist) you may know is only the twelfth part of an inch." In another part he fays, "As to good qualities, fome I have, perhaps, though few in number. This, however, I can fay for myself, no man can impeach my courage in the field, my honour on the turf, or my credit on the Royal Exchange. If it appears fingular that I have not plunged into the gallantries of the present times, let it be remembered on the other hand, that I am a married man, and that I prefer the domeftic happinefs of the amiable partner of my life, and our little offspring, to all the mummery and perfidy of private fashionable intrigues." Soon after this tranfaction, Mr. Fitzgerald went to Ireland, and began to practife thofe extravagancies, which, being fuccefsful for fome time, led him to commit the fact which brought him to his end. His father and brother had long been objects of his hatred; and having claims upon the former for fome arrears, he had recourfe to the Court of Chancery in Ireland, and obtained an order in 1780, to take poffeffion of the whole eftate |