Sect. VIII. Of the Amphictyons Sect. IX. Of the revenues of Athens Sect. X. Of the education of the youth Sect. I. People of Greece in all times very warlike Sect. II. Origin and cause of the valour and military virtue of the Lacedæmonians and Athenians Sect. III. Of the different kind of troops which composed the BOOK ELEVENTH. Chap. I. The history of Dionysius the elder Sect. I. Means made use of by Dionysius the elder to possess Chap. II. The history of Dionysius the younger Sect. I. Dionysius the younger succeeds his father. He invites Sect. V. Dionysius the younger re-ascends the throne Sect. VI. Timoleon restores liberty to Syracuse, and institutes BOOK TWELFTH. . Sect. V. The two Theban generals, at their return, are accused 263 268 277 Sect. IX. Artaxerxes Mnemon undertakes the reduction of Sect. VIII. Death of Evagoras king of Salamin. Character of that prince 286 289 Sect. X. The Lacedæmonians send Agesilaus to the aid of Tachos. His death 291 Sect. XII. Causes of the frequent insurrections and revolts in the Persian empire Sect. XI. Troubles at the court of Artaxerxes concerning his successor. Death of that prince 296 297 BOOK THIRTEENTH. THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIANS AND GRECIANS. Sect. I. Ochus ascends the throne of Persia. His cruelties. 301 Sect. II. War of the allies against the Athenians 903 Sect. III. Demosthenes excites the Athenians for war. Death 308 314 Sect. V. Death of Ochus. Arses succeeds him 321 $22 Sect. VII. Digression on the manner of fitting cut fleets by the Athenians 328 THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIANS AND GRECIANS. CHAP. III. THE principal contents of this chapter are, the enterprises Cnidos, the re-establishment of the walls and power of Athens, the famous peace of Antalcides, prescribed the Greeks by Artaxerxes Mnemon, the wars of that prince against Evagoras king of Cyprus, and the Cadusians. The persons who are most conspicuous in this interval, are Lysander and Agesilaus on the side of the Lacedæmonians, and Conon on that of the Athenians. SECTION I. GRECIAN CITIES OF IONIA IMPLORE AID OF THE LACEDÆMONIANS.-AGESILAUS ELECTED KING. HIS CHARACTER. The cities of Ionia *, that had taken part with Cyrus, apprehending the resentment of Tissaphernes, had applied to the Lacedæmonians, as the deliverers of Greece, for their support in the possession of the liberty they enjoyed, and to prevent their country from being ravaged. We have already said that Thimbron was sent thither, to whose troops Xenophon had joined his, after their return from Persia. † Thimbron was soon recalled upon some dicontent, and had for his successor Dercyllidas, surnamed Sisyphus, from his industry in finding reSources, and his capacity in inventing machines of war. He took upon him the command of the army at Ephesus. When he arrived there, he was apprised that there was a difference between the two satraps who commanded in the country. * Xenoph. Hist. Græc. l. iii. p. 479——-487.. The provinces of the Persian monarchy, of which several, situated at the extremity of the empire, required too much application to be governed immediately by the prince, were confided to the care of the great lords, commonly called satraps. They had each of them in their government an almost sovereign authority, and were, properly speaking, not unlike the viceroys we see in our days in some neighbouring states. They were supplied with a number of troops sufficient for the defence of the country. They appointed all officers, disposed of the governments of cities, and were charged with levying and remitting the tributes to the prince. They had power to raise troops, to treat with neighbouring states, and even with the generals of the enemy; in a word to do every thing necessary to the good order and tranquillity of their governments. They were independent of one another; and though they served the same master, and it was their duty to concur to the same ends, nevertheless, each being more affected with the particular advantage of his own province than the general good of the empire, they often differed among themselves, formed opposite designs, refused aid to their colleagues in necessity, and sometimes even acted entirely against them. The remoteness of the court, and the absence of the prince, gave room for these dissentions; and perhaps a secret policy contributed to keep them up, to elude or prevent conspiracies, which too good an understanding amongst the governors might have excited. Dercyllidas having heard, therefore, that Tissaphernes and Pharnabasus were at variance, made a truce with the former, that he might not have them both upon his hands at the same time, entered Pharnabasus's province, and advanced as far as Æolia. Zenis, the Dardanian, had governed that province, under the satrap's authority; and as after his death it was to have been given to another, Mania, his widow, went to Pharnabasus with troops and presents, and told him that having been the wife of a man who had rendered him great services, she desired him not to deprive her of her husband's reward; that she would serve him with the same zeal and fidelity; and that, if she failed in either, he was always at liberty to take her government from her. She was continued in it by this means, and acquitted herself with all the judgment and ability that could have been expected from the most consummate person in the arts of ruling. To the ordinary tributes which her husband had paid, she added presents of an extraordinary magnificence; and when Pharnabasus came into her province she entertained him more splendidly than any of the other gover nors. She was not contented with the conservation of the cities committed to her care; she made new conquests, and took Larissa, Amaxita, and Colona *. From the Lydians and Pisidians, |