Electronic mail as the medium of managerial choice

actual media analytic induction appropriate medium asynchronous Bijker collective behavior communication media Communication Technology critical mass theory Culnan and Markus Daft and Lengel DeSanctis direct subordinates electronic mail email messages EMAIL& MEMO equivocal communication tasks equivocal tasks especially senior managers example face-to-face HCP Inc HCP Inc.'s individual information richness scale information richness theory Information Systems Research interaction interview Janet Fulk lower level managers Maanen managers at HCP media appropriateness media choice Media Richness media sensitivity media use behavior media use patterns message sample Newbury Park organization Organizational Communication Orlikowski particular communication tasks perceptions of media PERS& TELE perspectives predicted by information primary medium processes Qualitative research questions response Rice and Shook richness theory predicts Robert H Sage Publications Schmitz selected Sheila social definition theories social influences Sproull and Kiesler Ted Josephs Ted's telephone call theoretical theorists traditional media Trevino Trevor Pinch work-related communication Zmud