The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850

abbey Alsace animal husbandry arable farming average B. H. Slicher barley Black Death Brabant buckwheat butter cattle chiefly clover coleseed consumption corn cottars cows cultivation day-labourers decline districts economic eighteenth century enclosure England estates expansion farmers farmland fifteenth Flanders flax fodder fodder-crops France Friesland G. E. Fussell Germany grain grassland growing grown harvest hectares Hemmema's high cereal prices important increase Indices industrial crops Klundert labour landowners later less litres Lohmen low cereal prices madder manor manure meat milk Netherlands nineteenth century number of horses oats Overijssel oxen pasture peas peasants period plants plough polders population potato price of cereals production quantity real wages reclamation rents rise seed seed/yield ratio seventeenth century sheep sixteenth century Slicher van Bath soil Southern Netherlands sown supply thirteenth century Thirty Years War three-course rotation tion towns villages villeins W. G. Hoskins western Europe wheat yield