Double Exile: Migrations of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals Through Germany to the United States, 1919-1945Peter Lang, 2009 - 501 oldal This is a social history of refugees escaping Hungary after the Bolshevik-type revolution of 1919, the ensuing counterrevolution, and the rise of anti-Semitism. Largely Jewish and German before World War I, the Hungarian middle class was torn by the disastrous war, the partitioning of Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon, and the numerus clausus act XXV in 1920 that seriously curtailed the number of Jews admitted to higher education. Hungary's outstanding future professionals, whether Jewish, Liberal or Socialist, felt compelled to leave the country and head to German-speaking universities in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Germany. When Hitler came to power, these exiles were to flee again, many on the fringes of the huge German emigration. Emotionally prepared by their earlier threatening experiences in Hungary, they were quick to recognize the need to uproot themselves again. Many fled to the United States where their double exile catalyzed the USA into an active enemy of Nazi Germany and stimulated the transplantation of European modernism into American art and music. To their surprise, the refugees also encountered anti-Semitism in the USA. The book is based on extensive archival work in the USA and Germany. |
Tartalomjegyzék
List of Illustrations | 9 |
The Social Construction of Hungarian Genius | 21 |
List of Illustrations | 22 |
The Chemistry of FindeSiècle Budapest | 33 |
Budapest 1930s a HNM | 35 |
Schooling | 55 |
Mintagimnázium Model High School | 61 |
Nobel Laureate Eugene Wigner in his Princeton | 67 |
Demonstration against the Horthy Regime | 229 |
Double Expulsion Double Trauma | 243 |
The Copernican Turn of Michael Polanyi | 264 |
American Patterns | 270 |
Institutional | 278 |
167 | 294 |
204 | 309 |
Problem Solving and the U S War Effort | 351 |
The Hungarian Trauma 19181920 | 85 |
The Escape of Hungarian Modernism | 104 |
Graduating Jewish Students of the Lutheran | 120 |
Berlin Junction | 121 |
Berlin Unter den Linden 1920s HNM | 128 |
From Budapest to Berlin | 131 |
Paul Abraham composer 1950s HNM | 139 |
The Amerikanisierung of Berlin | 142 |
The Babel of the World | 148 |
Other Options in Europe | 159 |
Hungary and Selective Immigration to the U | 167 |
City of Immigrants | 204 |
New York 1933 Photo John Albók | 206 |
Theodore von Kármán aerospace scientist | 368 |
John von Neumann | 382 |
ཊྛ ིིྲཝཱ ཝཱ ཝཉྫ | 393 |
John von Neumann mathematician | 400 |
The Manhattan Project and Leo Szilard | 401 |
Edward Teller visiting the Lutheran Gimnázium 1991 | 413 |
Conclusion | 431 |
Appendix | 437 |
Emil Lengyel Americas Role in World Affairs | 446 |
Bibliography | 455 |
485 | |
489 | |
Gyakori szavak és kifejezések
Aid of Displaced Alfred American Archives Bartók became Béla Berlin Book Budapest century Chicago City Collections Committee in Aid considered continued contributed cultural December Department early effort Emergency Committee emigration Europe European File Folder George German History Hungarian Hungary Immigration important Institute intellectual interest International International Rescue Committee Italy James January Jászi Jewish Jews John von Neumann Joseph June later leave Leo Szilard Papers letter Library London March mathematician mathematics Michael Polanyi natural November October organizations Origins particularly physics political Pólya position President Press problem Professor published quota received refugees Report Rockefeller Archive Center Rockefeller Foundation Scholars School scientists Series social Society Special Stanford Szegő Theodore von Kármán turned United University von Neumann Walter World York